Mechanisms for microbial reduction of humics and structurally related compounds. Final report

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek R. Lovley
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Reduction ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Related Compounds

8 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Butyl Myristate

1990 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-258 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Butyl Alcohol ◽  
Isopropyl Myristate ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Cosmetic Formulation ◽  
Related Compounds ◽  
Oily Liquid ◽  
Skin Sensitizer

Butyl Myristate is the ester of butyl alcohol and myristic acid. It is a colorless, oily liquid which is used in cosmetic formulations at concentrations up to 50%. Aliphatic esters such as Butyl Myristate may be readily hydrolyxed in vivo to the corresponding alcohol and acid which are then further metabolized. The LD, of Butyl Myristate was greater than 8 g/kg in rats. In animal tests, undiluted Butyl Myristate was moderately irritating but was not a skin sensitizer. No evidence of eye irritation was noted. Additional information on related compounds, including human test data results on myristyl myristate and isopropyl myristate, is included in the text. On the basis of the available data presented in this report on Butyl Myristate, as well as other related myristate compounds, it is concluded that Butyl Myristate is safe for cosmetic formulation use.

scholarly journals Final Report on the Safety Assessment of PEG-2, -3, -4, -6, -8, -9, -12, -20, -32, -50, -75, -120, -150, and -175 Distearate’

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 51-59
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Ocular Irritation ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Mild Irritant ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Related Compounds

PEG Distearate compounds are the polyethylene glycol (PEG) diesters of Stearic Acid. They are manufactured by the esterification of Stearic Acid with a the number of moles of ethylene oxide corresponding to the average polyethylene glycol chain length desired. PEGs Distearate are used as emulsifying, cleansing, and solubilizing agents in a wide variety of cosmetic formulations. Not all of the polymer chain lengths covered in this assessment are currently reported to be used, but all are listed as cosmetic ingredients and may have been used in the past and could be used in the future. Very little toxicity data are available for the PEGs Distearate. Related compounds including PEGs, PEGs Stearate, Steareths, and Stearic Acid, have previously been reviewed. In general, PEGs have a low level of toxicity whether the exposure is oral or dermal. Minimal ocular irritation is seen with PEGs, PEGs Stearate, Steareths, and Stearic Acid. No evidence of mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, or reproductive and developmental toxicity of these related compounds was found. Based on clinical data in bum patients, PEGs were mild irritant/sensitizers and there was evidence of nephrotoxicity. Cosmetic manufacturers should continue to adjust product formulations to minimize any untoward effects when products are used on damaged skin. PEGs Stearate, Steareths, and Stearic Acid were not irritants, sensitizers, or phototoxins. Because of the possibility of residual ethylene oxide and/or 1,4-dioxane impurities in PEGs Distearate, cosmetic formulators are urged to continue efforts to remove these impurities before blending PEGs Distearate into cosmetic formulations. Although metabolites of ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers are reproductive and developmental toxins, it was considered unlikely that the relevant metabolites would be found in or produced from the use of PEGs Distearate in cosmetic formulations. Based on the available data on related compounds, and current industry practices in the use and manufacture of PEGs Distearate, it was concluded that PEG-2, -3, -4, -6, -8, -9, -12, -20, -32, -50, -75, -120, -150, and -175 Distearate are safe for use in cosmetic formulations under the present practices of use.

scholarly journals Addendum to the Final Report on the Safety Assessment of PEGs Lanolin to Include PEG-5, -10, -24, -25, -35, -55, -100, and -150 Lanolin; PEG-5, -10, -20, -24, -30, and -70 Hydrogenated Lanolin; PEG-75 Lanolin Oil; and PEG-75 Lanolin Wax1

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Clinical Safety ◽  
Cosmetic Ingredients ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Hydroxy Esters ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Related Compounds

The safety of selected polyethylene glycols (PEGS) Lanolin polymers was previously reviewed. This review completes the safety assessment of all the PEGs Lanolin polymers and related cosmetic ingredients. PEGs Lanolin are prepared by ethoxylating the hydroxy fatty acids, hydroxy esters, sterols, and alcohols present in whole lanolin. The number of moles of ethylene oxide reacted with each respective lanolin component corresponds to the average polyethylene glycol chain length. PEGs Lanolins, PEGs Hydrogenated Lanolins, PEG Lanolin Oil, and PEG Lanolin Wax are used as emulsifying, soluhilizing, and cleansing agents. PEGs Hydrogenated Lanolins are also hair-conditioning agents and skin-conditioning emollients. Few data on the PEGs Lanolin were available regarding systemic toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and clinical safety. Related compounds including PEGs, Lanolin, and Lanolin Oil have been previously reviewed. Based on clinical data in burn patients, PEGs were mild irritants/sensitizers and there was evidence of nephrotoxicity. No such effects were seen in animal studies on intact skin. Cosmetic manufacturers should continue to adjust product formulations to minimize any untoward effects when products are used on damaged skin. No evidence of phototoxic effects was found in clinical studies. Comedogenic effects have resulted from the use of cosmetic products containing lanolin compounds. No evidence of mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, or reproductive and developmental toxicity was found with these related compounds. Although metabolites of ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers are reproductive and developmental toxins, it was considered unlikely that the relevant metabolites would be found in or produced from the use of PEGs Cocamine in cosmetic formulations. Based primarily on data from ingredients with related structures, it was concluded that PEG-S, -10, -24, -25, -35, -55, -100, and -150 Lanolin; PEG-S, -10, -20, -24, -30, and -70 Hydrogenated Lanolin; PEG-75 Lanolin Oil; and PEG-75 Lanolin Wax are safe for use in cosmetic formulations under the present practices of use.

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