scholarly journals Exploratory Research and Development Fund, FY 1990

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Development Fund

BRICS Countries Possible Areas for Scientific Cooperation

2015 ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
I. Dezhina
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
A Share

The article evaluates science sectors and effectiveness of scientific research in the countries forming the BRICS group, as well as the current state of scientific and technological cooperation among the group members. The science sectors of the countries under consideration differ markedly, while facing similar problems relating to government regulations and external environments. The differences exist in total expenditures on research and development (as a share of GNP), in the scope of governmental funding (large in Russia and India, but small in China), and in the distribution of allocations among various areas and types of R&D activities. China appears to have the most well-adjusted science sector among the BRICS members. It includes not only strong universities but also high-tech companies that invest actively into research and development. The overall impact (inferred from citation indexes) of fundamental and exploratory research performed in BRICS countries remains low. BRICS's scientists prefer to collaborate with their colleagues from the world-leading countries rather than with their fellows from BRICS. Yet, in contrast to the world trend, in all BRICS countries, except Russia, a share of internationally co-authored publications is now decreasing. BRICS members have more similar interests and priorities in technological development, including infrastructural and large technological projects, than in science. Currently, bilateral cooperation in technology prevails, while the projects involving all members of the group still remain at the stage of preliminary evaluation and discussion. Russia cooperates most closely with China and India, including joint projects in such high-priority directions as new materials, photonics, biomedical, space and information technologies. For Russia, cooperation in technological development appears to be of most interest because it can lead not only to introduction of new technologies but also help to create large Russian innovative companies. Development of successful multilateral cooperation in science and technology among the BRICS members is the key for this group, originally formed for geopolitical reasons, to evolve into an effective economic union.

scholarly journals Exploratory research and development FY90

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.L. Struble ◽  
C. Middleton ◽  
G. Baldwin ◽  
J. Cherniak ◽  
W. Clements ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Exploratory Research

scholarly journals Benefits of Exergy-Based Analysis for Aerospace Engineering Applications—Part I

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Doty ◽  
José A. Camberos ◽  
David J. Moorhouse
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Aerospace Engineering ◽  
The Other ◽  
System Level ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Design Paradigm ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
Level Performance

This paper compares the analysis of systems from two different perspectives: an energy-based focus and an exergy-based focus. A complex system was simply modeled as interacting thermodynamic systems to illustrate the differences in analysis methodologies and results. The energy-based analysis had combinations of calculated states that are infeasible. On the other hand, the exergy-based analyses only allow feasible states. More importantly, the exergy-based analyses provide clearer insight to the combination of operating conditions for optimum system-level performance. The results strongly suggest changing the analysis/design paradigm used in aerospace engineering from energy-based to exergy-based. This methodology shift is even more critical in exploratory research and development where previous experience may not be available to provide guidance. Although the models used herein may appear simplistic, the message is very powerful and extensible to higher-fidelity models: the 1st Law is only anecessarycondition for design, whereas the 1st and 2nd Laws provide thesufficiencycondition.

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