Preliminary Environmental and Financial Viability Analysis of Circular Economy Scenarios for Satisfying PV System Service Lifetime

The European Union Green Deal aims at curbing planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions and introducing clean energy production. But to achieve energy efficiency, the opportunity cost of different energies must be assessed. In this article, we analyse two different systems for the treatment of wastewater that, at the same time, produce energy for its own operation. On the one hand, high-rate algal ponds system (HRAP) is considered; on the other hand, we study a conventional activated sludge system which uses photovoltaic power (AS+PV). This paper offers a viability analysis of both systems based on the capacity to satisfy their energetic consumption. In order to assess this viability, the probability of not achieving the energy consumption threshold at least one day is studied. The results point that the AS+PV system self-sufficiency is achieved using much lesser surfaces than those of HRAP system (for the former, less than 6.500 m2, for the latter 40.000 m2). However, the important AS capital cost makes still the HRAP system more economic, although storage provides a great advantage for using the AS+PV in locations where we have a lot of irradiance. This viability analysis, along with the opportunity cost analysis, will be used to assess these two projects devoted to the treatment of wastewater.

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A Techno-Economic Viability Analysis of the Two-Axis Tracking Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power System for 25 Selected Coastal Mediterranean Cities

Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research ◽

10.48084/etasr.4251 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 7508-7514

Author(s):

Y. Kassem ◽

H. Gökçekuş ◽

H. S. A. Lagili

Keyword(s):

Solar Energy ◽

Energy Production ◽

Production Cost ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Average Energy ◽

Small Scale ◽

Pv System ◽

Household Energy ◽

Viability Analysis ◽

Energy Needs

Generating energy from renewable sources, particularly solar energy, offers significant benefits and achieves a more clean and sustainable development. In the present paper, the potential of developing a 4.2kW grid-connected rooftop two-axis tracking PV system in 25 selected coastal Mediterranean cities located in different Arabic countries is evaluated using RETScreen software. The proposed system is serving the basic household energy needs according to the load profile from monthly electrical bills. It is found that the proposed system produces about 8824kW annually, which helps to reduce CO2 emissions. Also, the average energy production cost is assumed to range from 0.0337 to 00.0475$/kWh. It is concluded that the proposed system can provide an effective solution for energy poverty in developing regions with a very positive socio-economic and environmental impact. The small-scale grid-connected PV system will provide the domestic energy needs at a lower energy production cost than the electricity price grid-connected consumers pay. This study demonstrated that generating electricity from solar energy will help reduce the electricity tariff rates and the dependence on fossil fuels.

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European Union Green Deal and the Opportunity Cost of Wastewater Treatment Projects

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14071994 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. 1994

Author(s):

Jose M. Vindel ◽

Estrella Trincado ◽

Antonio Sánchez-Bayón

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Opportunity Cost ◽

Clean Energy ◽

High Rate ◽

The European Union ◽

Pv System ◽

Cost Study ◽

Viability Analysis ◽

Conventional Activated Sludge

The European Union Green Deal aims at curbing greenhouse gas emissions and introducing clean energy production. But to achieve energy efficiency, the opportunity cost of different energies must be assessed. In this article, two different energy self-sufficient systems for wastewater treatment are compared. On the one hand, high-rate algal ponds system (HRAP) is considered; on the other hand, a conventional activated sludge system (AS) which uses photovoltaic power (PV) is studied. The paper offers a viability analysis of both systems based on the capacity to satisfy their energetic consumption. This viability analysis, along with the opportunity cost study, will be used in the article to compare these two projects devoted to the treatment of wastewater. In order to assess viability, the probability of not achieving the energy consumption threshold at least one day is studied. The results point that the AS+PV system self-sufficiency is achieved with much lesser land requirements than the HRAP system (for the former, less than 6500 m2, for the latter 40,000 m2). However, the important AS capital cost makes still the HRAP system more economic, although storage provides a great advantage for using the AS+PV in locations where a lot of irradiance is available.

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Financial viability analysis of a new lubricant for engines assembled in production line in a Brazilian automobilistic facility: case study

Independent Journal of Management & Production ◽

10.14807/ijmp.v11i4.1090 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1419

Author(s):

Gustavo Antunes Maia ◽

Nilson Brandalise

Keyword(s):

Production Line ◽

Financial Analysis ◽

Production Condition ◽

Investment Project ◽

Limited Resources ◽

Financial Viability ◽

Viability Analysis ◽

Strong Competition ◽

Variable Production

This study aims to analyze the economic and financial viability of an investment project aiming at building a new solution to provide oil to car’s engine production line. The study arises from de need of integrate a second type of oil to fill engines produced to exportation market. The objectives are essential for the company to remain in the market facing the limited resources and the strong competition. Thus, a case of study done, with typical view to data collect and analysis. The results indicate the use of feasibility technique, as NPV, IRR, Payback, LI and NUV are decisive for a good financial analysis. Adding to these techniques, a Monte Carlo method used to simulate a variable production condition.

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Financial viability and environmental aspects in the selection of energy sources for sanitary hot water (SHW) and heated swimming pools

ECORFAN Journal Mexico ◽

10.35429/ejm.2019.23.10.46.70 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 46-70

Author(s):

Angeles Longarela-Ares

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Net Present Value ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

High Energy ◽

Point Of View ◽

Hot Water ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Financial Viability ◽

Viability Analysis

Sustainability and energy efficiency are topics of great interest, especially in the sports facilities management sector due to the high energy costs. One of the MOST Relevant costs is derived from the consumption of domestic hot water (DHW) and swimming pool. The objective of This work is to study new ways to manage and reduce costs through the These valuation of the use of traditional and renewable energy sources and the Necessary investment to Contribute to the promotion of a more sustainable vision of business management. Four alternative energy installations (Natural Gas, Biomass, Solar Thermal Combined With Natural Gas or Biomass) are Proposed, it is verified Which is more suitable in terms of financial viability and one of them is selected. For This purpose, we start from a hypothetical companycase and a 20-year forecast of the energy consumption, the costs and initial investment of each alternative is made; viability analysis are performed With the Net Present Value (NPV) and the results are Obtained Compared. The Conclusion Is That The most Appropriate solution, from a financial point of view, for sports centers similar to the company-case and With the Considered Circumstances, is the installation of Biomass, an option That, in Addition, can be Considered respectful With the environment.

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EELS Measurement of the Local Electronic Structure of Copper Atoms Segregated to Aluminum Grain Boundaries

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100164179 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 342-343

Author(s):

S.J. Splinter ◽

J. Bruley ◽

P.E. Batson ◽

D.A. Smith ◽

R. Rosenberg

Keyword(s):

Electronic Structure ◽

Grain Boundaries ◽

Boundary Segregation ◽

Thin Layers ◽

Nominal Composition ◽

Spatially Resolved ◽

Service Lifetime ◽

Heat Treated ◽

Probe Size ◽

Local Electronic Structure

It has long been known that the addition of Cu to Al interconnects improves the resistance to electromigration failure. It is generally accepted that this improvement is the result of Cu segregation to Al grain boundaries. The exact mechanism by which segregated Cu increases service lifetime is not understood, although it has been suggested that the formation of thin layers of θ-CuA12 (or some metastable substoichiometric precursor, θ’ or θ”) at the boundaries may be necessary. This paper reports measurements of the local electronic structure of Cu atoms segregated to Al grain boundaries using spatially resolved EELS in a UHV STEM. It is shown that segregated Cu exists in a chemical environment similar to that of Cu atoms in bulk θ-phase precipitates.Films of 100 nm thickness and nominal composition Al-2.5wt%Cu were deposited by sputtering from alloy targets onto NaCl substrates. The samples were solution heat treated at 748K for 30 min and aged at 523K for 4 h to promote equilibrium grain boundary segregation. EELS measurements were made using a Gatan 666 PEELS spectrometer interfaced to a VG HB501 STEM operating at 100 keV. The probe size was estimated to be 1 nm FWHM. Grain boundaries with the narrowest projected width were chosen for analysis. EDX measurements of Cu segregation were made using a VG HB603 STEM.

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Development trends of circular economy: Case study of Ukraine

RIVISTA DI STUDI SULLA SOSTENIBILITA ◽

10.3280/riss2017-002005 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 51-66

Author(s):

Tamara Merkulova ◽

Kateryna Kononova ◽

Olena Titomir

Keyword(s):

Circular Economy ◽

Development Trends

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Transitioning Business for a Circular Economy

Conference Proceedings of the Academy for Design Innovation Management ◽

10.33114/adim.2019.c05.137 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Susan EVANS

Keyword(s):

Professional Practice ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Radical Change ◽

Virtual Space ◽

Professional Experience ◽

Operational Model ◽

New Vision ◽

To Come ◽

Space Requirements

This case study explores the strategic business opportunities, for Lane Crawford, an iconic luxury department store, to transition in a circular economy towards sustainability. A new experimentation framework was developed and conducted among cross departmental employees, during a Design Lab, with intention to co-create novel Circular Economy business concepts towards a new vision: the later was a reframe of the old system based on the principles of sustainability; to move beyond a linear operational model towards a circular economy that can contribute to a regenerative society. This work draws on both academic and professional experience and was conducted through professional practice. It was found that innovative co-created concepts, output from the Design Lab, can create radical change in a circular economy that is holistically beneficial and financially viable; looking forward to extract greater value a)Internal organization requires remodeling to transform towards a circular economy; b)Requirement for more horizonal teams across departments vs solely vertical; c)New language and relationships are required to be able to transition towards a circular economy; d)Some form of physical and virtual space requirements, for cross-disciplinary teams to come together to co-create; e)Ability to iterate, learn and evolve requires agency across the business

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