scholarly journals Catalytic Upgrading of Key Biorefining Building Blocks to Renewable Chemicals, Polymeric Materials, and Liquid Fuels

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Chen
Keyword(s):  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Catalytic Upgrading ◽  
Renewable Chemicals

Recent aspects of self-oscillating polymeric materials: designing self-oscillating polymers coupled with supramolecular chemistry and ionic liquid science

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (22) ◽  
pp. 10388-10397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Ueki ◽  
Ryo Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Supramolecular Chemistry ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Spatiotemporal Structure ◽  
Molecular Building Blocks ◽  
Recent Developments

Herein, we summarise the recent developments in self-oscillating polymeric materials based on the concepts of supramolecular chemistry, where aggregates of molecular building blocks with non-covalent bonds evolve the temporal or spatiotemporal structure.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SELF-HEALING MORTAR WITH MODIFIED STRENGTH

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gassan Fahim Huseien ◽  
Jahangir Mirza ◽  
Nur Farhayu Ariffin ◽  
Mohd Warid Hussin
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Diglycidyl Ether ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Research Initiative

Cementitious materials being the most prospective building blocks achieving their absolute strength to avoid the deterioration in the early stage of service life is ever-demanding. Minimizing the labor and capital-intensive maintenance and repair cost is a critical challenge. Thus, self-healing mortars with modified strength are proposed. Lately, self-healing of micro-cracks by introducing bacteria during the formation of mortar or concrete became attractive. Self-healing with polymeric admixtures is considered to be relatively more durable and faster process. Certainly, the self-healing of synthetic polymeric materials is inspired by biological systems, where the damage triggers an autonomic healing response. This emerging and fascinating research initiative may significantly improve the durability and the safety limit of the polymeric components potential for assorted applications. In this work, using epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) without any hardener as admixture polymeric-cementitious materials is prepared. These epoxy-modified mortars are synthesized with various polymer-cement ratios subjected to initial wet/dry curing (WDC) together with long term dry curing (DC). Their self-healing function and hardening effects are evaluated via preloading and drying of the specimens, chemical analysis, and ultrasonic pulse velocity testing. It is demonstrated that 10% of polymer is the best proportion for polymer-cement ratio. Furthermore, the wet/dry curing is established to be superior process for healing hairline cracks present in the mortar. The excellent features of the results suggest that our novel method may constitute a basis for improving the compressive strength and self-healing features of mortars.    

scholarly journals Feedstock-Dependent Phosphate Recovery in a Pilot-Scale Hydrothermal Liquefaction Bio-Crude Production

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Ovsyannikova ◽  
Andrea Kruse ◽  
Gero C. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Theoretical Data ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Catalytic Upgrading ◽  
A Value ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Full Analysis

Microalgae (Spirulina) and primary sewage sludge are considerable feedstocks for future fuel-producing biorefinery. These feedstocks have either a high fuel production potential (algae) or a particularly high appearance as waste (sludge). Both feedstocks bring high loads of nutrients (P, N) that must be addressed in sound biorefinery concepts that primarily target specific hydrocarbons, such as liquid fuels. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), which produces bio-crude oil that is ready for catalytic upgrading (e.g., for jet fuel), is a useful starting point for such an approach. As technology advances from small-scale batches to pilot-scale continuous operations, the aspect of nutrient recovery must be reconsidered. This research presents a full analysis of relevant nutrient flows between the product phases of HTL for the two aforementioned feedstocks on the basis of pilot-scale data. From a partial experimentally derived mass balance, initial strategies for recovering the most relevant nutrients (P, N) were developed and proofed in laboratory-scale. The experimental and theoretical data from the pilot and laboratory scales are combined to present the proof of concept and provide the first mass balances of an HTL-based biorefinery modular operation for producing fertilizer (struvite) as a value-added product.

A new route to liquid fuels from coal

1981 ◽  
Vol 300 (1453) ◽  
pp. 157-169 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Process Development ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Light Olefins ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
R And D

For many decades to come, the transformation of coal to high-grade liquid fuels and chemicals will be a continuing challenge. Chemically speaking, this conversion requires a gradual rearrangement of the carbon and hydrogen atoms and the addition of hydrogen, or the complete transformation of coal into building blocks containing a single carbon atom, and putting them together selectively with hydrogen to form the desired molecules. A catalyst discovered at Mobil will convert methanol, made from such building blocks, into high-octane gasoline. A simple process based on this catalyst produces the final link in a new route from coal to gasoline. A fluidized-bed version of this methanol-to-gasoline process will be tested in a 100 barrels ( ca . 16 m 3 ) per day pilot plant in Germany. A fixed-bed, commercial-size version has been selected by the New Zealand government for the conversion of methanol made from natural gas. This unit will produce 13 000 barrels ( ca . 2100 m 3 ) of gasoline per day. If the catalyst is modified, we can command it to construct basic chemical components such as light olefins, including ethylene, or BTX aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylenes) as the major product. The emergence of these new conversion processes exemplifies industrial R. and D., which spans the technology spectrum from basic and exploratory research by a few scientists to process development and commercialization involving industries and governments.

scholarly journals The Green Approach to the Synthesis of Bio-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers with Partially Bio-Based Hard Blocks

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2334
Author(s):  
Ewa Głowińska ◽  
Paulina Kasprzyk ◽  
Janusz Datta
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽  
Viscoelastic Behavior ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Chain Extender ◽  
Sustainable Chemistry ◽  
Polyurethane Elastomers ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers ◽  
Hard Segments

Bio-based polymeric materials and green routes for their preparation are current issues of many research works. In this work, we used the diisocyanate mixture based on partially bio-based diisocyanate origin and typical petrochemical diisocyanate for the preparation of novel bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (bio-TPUs). We studied the influence of the diisocyanate mixture composition on the chemical structure, thermal, thermomechanical, and mechanical properties of obtained bio-TPUs. Diisocyanate mixture and bio-based 1,4-butanediol (as a low molecular chain extender) created bio-based hard blocks (HS). The diisocyanate mixture contained up to 75 wt % of partially bio-based diisocyanate. It is worth mentioning that the structure and amount of HS impact the phase separation, processing, thermal or mechanical properties of polyurethanes. The soft blocks (SS) in the bio-TPU’s materials were built from α,ω-oligo(ethylene-butylene adipate) diol. Hereby, bio-TPUs differed in hard segments content (c.a. 30; 34; 40, and 53%). We found that already increase of bio-based diisocyanate content of the bio-TPU impact the changes in their thermal stability which was measured by TGA. Based on DMTA results we observed changes in the viscoelastic behavior of bio-TPUs. The DSC analysis revealed decreasing in glass transition temperature and melting temperature of hard segments. In general, obtained materials were characterized by good mechanical properties. The results confirmed the validity of undertaken research problem related to obtaining bio-TPUs consist of bio-based hard building blocks. The application of partially bio-based diisocyanate mixtures and bio-based chain extender for bio-TPU synthesis leads to sustainable chemistry. Therefore the total level of “green carbons” increases with the increase of bio-based diisocyanate content in the bio-TPU structure. Obtained results constitute promising data for further works related to the preparation of fully bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers and development in the field of bio-based polymeric materials.

scholarly journals Integrated extraction and catalytic upgrading of microalgae lipids in supercritical carbon dioxide

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 2428-2435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Zimmerer ◽  
Dennis Pingen ◽  
Sandra K. Hess ◽  
Tobias Koengeter ◽  
Stefan Mecking
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Catalytic Upgrading ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Integrated Extraction ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

Chemical building blocks are obtained from microalgae biomass via an integrated extraction/catalytic upgrading approach.

Thermochemical conversion of low-lipid microalgae for the production of liquid fuels: challenges and opportunities

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (24) ◽  
pp. 18673-18701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Chen ◽  
Yulong Wu ◽  
Derun Hua ◽  
Chun Li ◽  
Michael P. Harold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Catalytic Upgrading ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

This critical review provides an investigation elaborated by recent references on conversion of low-lipid microalgae into bio-oil via pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction, and the catalytic upgrading of algal-derived bio-oil was examined.

The Materials World Module Series and the Polymer Module: A Design-Oriented Approach to Teach Scientific Concepts to Grades 9-12 Students through Materials Science

2001 ◽  
Vol 684 ◽  
Author(s):  
SonBinh T. Nguyen ◽  
Jennifer K. Cocson ◽  
Carol L. Colby ◽  
Robert P. H. Chang ◽  
Keith E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Science Curriculum ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Scientific Concepts ◽  
School Students ◽  
Polymer Properties

ABSTRACTThe Materials World Modules (MWM), funded by the National Science Foundation, is a series of nine short texts that introduce science and scientific concepts to high school students through guided investigations of the materials that surrounds us in the modern world. Designed to be flexible, these modules can be incorporated into a high school science curriculum as a learning-by-inquiry addition to the main science texts. Depending on the time that the teacher has, each module can be covered in 8 to 15 class periods. Using an inquiry method of learning, the modules prompt the students to generate questions about a subject and find experimental approaches which will lead them to the answers. The modules encourage the students to learn by carrying out simple experiments using readily available materials. The Polymers Module of the MWM series aims at introducing the concepts of polymer chemistry and polymeric materials to an audience that has had some exposure to general chemistry. It asks the students to investigate their surroundings to find polymer-based objects and to infer the properties of those objects from knowing the structures of the monomeric building blocks. It introduces the relation between polymer properties and structure and that between polymer properties and molecular weight by suggesting experiments that students can do with poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinyl acetate) films. Finally, it encourages the students to use what they have learned to design simple devices using polymeric materials. An example of such a device is a humidity sensor that is fabricated from thin polymer films.

Probability models in polymer science

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Douglas R. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Linear Polymers ◽  
Polymer Science ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Soft Contact ◽  
Soft Contact Lenses ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Infinite Networks

Polymeric materials are encountered everywhere: rubber, plastics, paint, soft contact lenses; the list is endless. There are two basic types of polymer, linear and non-linear. The linear polymers can be envisioned as a mass of long spaghetti-like strands. The molecules of non-linear polymers have a branched tree-like structure and can form ‘infinite’ networks. The basic building blocks of polymers are monomers. Monomers have reactive sites: chemical bonds can form between sites on different monomers leading to the formation of many monomers into a large molecule (polymer). If all monomers have one or two reactive sites, linear polymers result. If some of the monomers have three or more reactive sites, a non-linear (branched) molecule results. For many materials the reaction between monomers can be modelled as a random process; thus probability theory is the natural tool for studying polymers.

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