scholarly journals Energy savings in one-pipe steam heating systems fitted with high-capacity air vents. Final report

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Steam Heating

scholarly journals Impacts on Indoor Thermal Comfort and Heating Energy Use in Hellenic Dwellings from Occupant Behavioral Reactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6254
Author(s):  
Elena G. Dascalaki ◽  
Constantinos A. Balaras
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Indoor Thermal Comfort ◽  
Energy Audits

In an effort to reduce the operational cost of their dwellings, occupants may even have to sacrifice their indoor thermal comfort conditions. Following the economic recession in Greece over recent years, homeowners have been forced to adapt their practices by shortening heating hours, lowering the indoor thermostat settings, isolating spaces that are not heated or even turning off their central heating system and using alternative local heating systems. This paper presents the results from over 100 occupant surveys using questionnaires and walk-through energy audits in Hellenic households that documented how occupants operated the heating systems in their dwellings and the resulting indoor thermal comfort conditions and actual energy use. The results indicate that the perceived winter thermal comfort conditions were satisfactory in only half of the dwellings, since the actual operating space heating periods averaged only 5 h (compared with the assumed 18 h in standard conditions), while less than half heated their entire dwellings and only a fifth maintained an indoor setpoint temperature of 20 °C, corresponding to standard comfort conditions. Mainstream energy conservation measures include system maintenance, switching to more efficient systems, reducing heat losses and installing controls. This information is then used to derive empirical adaptation factors for bridging the gap between the calculated and actual energy use, making more realistic estimates of the expected energy savings following building renovations, setting prudent targets for energy efficiency and developing effective plans toward a decarbonized building stock.

Developing and Monitoring a Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan for an Energy-Producing Community

2017 ◽  
pp. 101-124
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
Climate Action Plan ◽  
The City

The development, implementation and monitoring of the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan require a significant amount of data and analysis, as well as an effective and comprehensive decision making process. This chapter presents the pilot application of the proposed “MPC+ (Map - Plan - Choose - Check)” framework, through the “Action3” Decision Support System, in a Greek energy-producing community. The pilot application is conducted in three phases, namely the development of the baseline emission inventory (Phase I), the creation and evaluation of alternative Scenarios of Actions (Phase II) and the monitoring of the actions and measures implemented (Phase III). The city's univocal economy orientation of energy production through lignite is considered as a basic, inhibitory factor towards sustainability. In this respect, the city has committed to implement a series of appropriate renewable energy and rational use of energy activities in its territory, laying balanced emphasis on the local energy and heat production, and the promotion and implementation of measures on energy savings. A significant part of the CO2 emissions' reduction will come from the installation of biomass district heating systems in local communities.

Solar space heating with air and liquid systems

1980 ◽  
Vol 295 (1414) ◽  
pp. 349-359
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Solar Heating ◽  
Performance Data ◽  
Space Heating ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Liquid Systems ◽  
And Storage

Seasonal and annual performance data are available on only a limited number of the several thousand solar space heating systems now in operation. The emerging information indicates that most of the heat required in buildings can be supplied by solar energy delivered from flat-plate collectors and stored overnight in tanks of water and bins of rock pebbles. Numerous mechanical and operational problems, mainly in liquid collection and storage systems, demand attention. Annual costs of solar heating equipment and its installation usually exceed current values of energy savings, but fuel prices are expected to escalate at rates which often favour solar purchase today. Detailed performance data on several types of solar heating and cooling systems in buildings of identical design are presented, compared and interpreted. Maintenance and repair requirements are noted and contrasted, and forecasts of use in various applications are presented.

Evaluating the Energy Savings From Community Scale Solar Water Heating in Los Angeles County: Residential Case Studies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Cudd ◽  
Kevin Anderson ◽  
Wael Yassine
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Los Angeles County ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Water Heating ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Solar Water Heating ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Residential Developments ◽  
Building Characteristics

Abstract Estimation of Energy Savings from Community Scale Solar Water Heating in Los Angeles County explores the extent to which community scale solar water heating systems, designed for residential structures in Los Angeles County and constructed from currently available technology, can displace natural gas for domestic water heating through a series of case studies. The effects of policy, urban form, and building characteristics on the performance of solar water heating systems, as well as community scale solar water heating’s potential to reduce emissions from the residential housing sector, are discussed herein. Three public and three private residential developments were selected as case studies for community scale solar water heating, with numbers of units and residents ranging from the tens to hundreds. These six cases were draw from the pool of approximately 19,000 “energy communities” in Los Angeles County, i.e. residential developments where the installation and operation of community scale solar water heating systems is broadly feasible. The six properties were also chosen to represent a cross-section housing stock and development patterns common in Los Angeles County, and different levels of suitability for solar water heating. The performance of and energy savings from solar water heating systems on each of these properties is then evaluated using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s System Advisor Model (NREL SAM). The results of the system simulations reveal how building characteristics and hot water demand affect the performance of community scale solar water heating systems. The case study sites’ system simulations show that residential developments with community scale solar water heating systems reach an average solar fraction of 50%. The results of the case studies indicate that community scale solar water heating is viable as an emissions reduction technology for the residential building sector in Mediterranean climates. However, side-by-side comparison with solar PV systems and other water heating technologies (such as grid-connected heat pumps) is necessary to determine optimality in terms of cost, emissions reduction, and thermal efficiency) in specific contexts.

Improve the Control of Residential Heating Systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 52-54 ◽  
pp. 1571-1576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surinder Jassar ◽  
Zai Yi Liao
Keyword(s):  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Environment Quality ◽  
Inferential Control ◽  
Residential Heating ◽  
Neuro Fuzzy ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
Indoor Environment Quality

A recurrent neuro-fuzzy based inferential sensor is applied to design an inferential control algorithm that can improve the operation of residential heating systems in which both energy efficiency and indoor environment quality are below expectation due to insufficient control. In current practice, the control of these heating systems is based on the measurement of air temperature at one point within the building. The inferential control strategy presented in this paper allows the control to be based on an estimate of the overall thermal performance, minimizing the chance of overheating (saving energy) and underheating (improving comfort) in the building. The performance of this control technology has been investigated through simulation study. The results show that the proposed control scheme can effectively maintain the temperature at set-point, and results in energy savings and improved thermal comfort.

scholarly journals Primary energy savings using heat storage for biomass heating systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (suppl. 2) ◽  
pp. 423-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Mitrovic ◽  
Jelena Janevski ◽  
Mirjana Lakovic
Keyword(s):  
Heat Load ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Storage Unit ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Heating Efficiency ◽  
Storage Volume

District heating is an efficient way to provide heat to residential, tertiary and industrial users. The heat storage unit is an insulated water tank that absorbs surplus heat from the boiler. The stored heat in the heat storage unit makes it possible to heat even when the boiler is not working, thus increasing the heating efficiency. In order to save primary energy (fuel), the boiler operates on nominal load every time it is in operation (for the purpose of this research). The aim of this paper is to analyze the water temperature variation in the heat storage, depending on the heat load and the heat storage volume. Heat load is calculated for three reference days, with average daily temperatures from -5 to 5?C. The primary energy savings are also calculated for those days in the case of using heat storage in district heating.

scholarly journals Electric energy consumption of milking process on some Finnish dairy farms

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Rajaniemi ◽  
Tapani Jokiniemi ◽  
Laura Alakukku ◽  
Jukka Ahokas
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Electric Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving Potential

The aim of this study was to examine the electric energy consumption of milking process on dairy farms and to evaluate the methods to improve the energy efficiency. The electricity consumption of the milking process was measured on three dairy farms in Southern Finland, and it varied between 37–62 Wh kg-1 milk.  The largest energy saving potential was identified in milk cooling and the heating of cleaning water. Even simple methods, such as placing the condenser of the refrigeration system outside, may reduce the energy consumption of milk cooling by 30%. Efficient milk pre-cooling can reduce the energy consumption of the whole milking process by more than 25%. Even larger energy savings are possible with a sophisticated milk cooling – water heating systems. It was concluded that there is a significant potential to reduce the energy consumption and energy costs of the milking process, and thus to improve the profitability and sustainability of the sector at the same time.

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