scholarly journals Predicting impacts of water conservation with a stochastic sewer model

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 2148-2157 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Bailey ◽  
T. C. Arnot ◽  
E. J. M. Blokker ◽  
Z. Kapelan ◽  
J. A. M. H. Hofman
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Water Region ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Discharge Patterns ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Scenario Testing

Abstract Population growth and climate change put a strain on water resources; hence, there are growing initiatives to reduce water use. Reducing household water use will likely reduce sewer input. This work demonstrates the use of a stochastic sewer model to quantify the effect water conservation has on sewer hydraulics and wastewater concentration. Probabilistic discharge patterns have been developed using SIMDEUM WW® and fed into hydraulic modelling software InfoWorks ICM® to produce likely flow and quality profiles for five future water use scenarios. The scenarios tested were developed to outline how commercial and political factors may change water use in future. Scenario testing revealed that 15–60% water reduction reflected a 1–48% drop in the morning peak flow. The water use reduction was predicted to increase wastewater concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TPH) by 55–180%, 19–116% and 30–206% respectively. The sewer flow model was developed, calibrated and validated using a case study in the Wessex Water region of the UK and all future scenarios were compared to the validated baseline case. This wastewater flow and quality model allows scenario testing, which could help redesign future sewer networks to better prepare for water conservation strategies.

scholarly journals A Stochastic Model to Predict Flow, Nutrient and Temperature Changes in a Sewer under Water Conservation Scenarios

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Bailey ◽  
Ljiljana Zlatanovic ◽  
Jan Peter van der Hoek ◽  
Zoran Kapelan ◽  
Mirjam Blokker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Solids Transport ◽  
Wastewater Quality ◽  
Specific Discharge

Reducing water use could impact existing sewer systems but this is not currently well understood. This work describes a new flow and wastewater quality model developed to investigate this impact. SIMDEUM WW® was used to generate stochastic appliance-specific discharge profiles for wastewater flow and concentration, which were fed into InfoWorks® ICM to quantify the impacts within the sewer network. The model was validated using measured field data from a sewer system in Amsterdam serving 418 households. Wastewater concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TPH) were sampled on an hourly basis, for one week. The results obtained showed that the InfoWorks® model predicted the mass flow of pollutants well (R-values 0.69, 0.72 and 0.75 for COD, TKN and TPH respectively) but, due to the current lack of a time-varying solids transport model within InfoWorks®, the prediction for wastewater concentration parameters was less reliable. Still, the model was deemed capable of analysing the effects of three water conservation strategies (greywater reuse, rainwater harvesting and water-saving appliances) on flow, nutrient concentrations, and temperature in sewer networks. Results show through a 62% reduction in sewer flow, COD, TKN and TPH concentrations increased by up to 111%, 84% and 75% respectively, offering more favourable conditions for nutrient recovery.

scholarly journals Household water use and conservation models using Monte Carlo techniques

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 4869-4900 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cahill ◽  
J. R. Lund ◽  
B. DeOreo ◽  
J. Medellín-Azuara
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Residential Neighborhood ◽  
Household Water ◽  
End Use ◽  
Conservation Model

Abstract. The increased availability of water end use measurement studies allows for more mechanistic and detailed approaches to estimating household water demand and conservation potential. This study uses, probability distributions for parameters affecting water use estimated from end use studies and randomly sampled in Monte Carlo iterations to simulate water use in a single-family residential neighborhood. This model represents existing conditions and is calibrated to metered data. A two-stage mixed integer optimization model is then developed to estimate the least-cost combination of long- and short-term conservation actions for each household. This least-cost conservation model provides an estimate of the upper bound of reasonable conservation potential for varying pricing and rebate conditions. The models were adapted from previous work in Jordan and are applied to a neighborhood in San Ramon, California in eastern San Francisco Bay Area. The existing conditions model produces seasonal use results very close to the metered data. The least-cost conservation model suggests clothes washer rebates are among most cost-effective rebate programs for indoor uses. Retrofit of faucets and toilets is also cost effective and holds the highest potential for water savings from indoor uses. This mechanistic modeling approach can improve understanding of water demand and estimate cost-effectiveness of water conservation programs.

Development, Calibration and Further Data Requirements of the Sewer Flow Quality Model Mosqito

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Payne ◽  
G. D. Moys ◽  
C. J. Hutchings ◽  
R. J. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
River Basin Management ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Flow Quality ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk

MOSQITO is the initial version of a sever flow quality model being developed by Hydraulics Research Ltd and the Water Research Centre as part of the UK River Basin Management programme. MOSQITO I simulates the time-varying behaviour of suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammoniacal nitrogen and hydrogen sulphide on catchment surfaces and in sewer systems. The model produces discharge pollutographs for these determinands which can be used as input to a river water quality model. MOSQITO consists of four sub-models which represent washoff from catchment surfaces, foul water inflow, pollutant behaviour in pipes and channels, and pollutant behaviour in ancillary structures within drainage systems. These sub-models are linked to the flow simulation model incorporated in the WALLRUS package which is the latest computer implementation of the Wallingford Procedure. The rationale behind the model, its structure and its operational basis have been discussed elsewhere (Moys and Henderson, 1988) and are therefore described briefly so that emphasis can be placed on the aspects which follow. Calibration and verification of the model are being carried out using data from a variety of experimental catchments in the UK. These catchments have been selected to exhibit a wide range of characteristics and include separate and combined sewer systems. Results of the calibration work are presented together with illustrations of the performance of the various sub-models and the overall model.

How Trust and Risk Perception Affect Household Water Use

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Yu Wang ◽  
Xiaofeng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Household Water

Household water use accounts for an important portion of water consumption. Notably, different households may behave differently regarding how water is used in everyday life. Trust and risk perception are two significant psychological factors that influence water use behavior in households. Since trust and risk perception are malleable and subject to construction, they are useful for developing effective demand management strategies and water conservation policies. The concepts of trust and risk perception are multidimensional and interconnected. Risk perception varies across social groups and is often shaped by subjective feelings toward a variety of activities, events, and technologies. Risk perception is also mediated by trust, which involves a positive expectation of an individual, an organization, and/or an institution that derives from complex processes, characteristics, and competence. Likewise, different social groups’ trust in various entities involved in household water use is subject to the significant and far-reaching impact of risk perception. The complexity of the two notions poses challenges to the measurement and exploration of their effects on household water use. In many cases, risk perception and trust can influence people’s acceptance of water sources (e.g., tap water, bottled water, recycled water, and desalinated water) and their conservation behavior (e.g., installing water-saving technologies and reducing water consumption) in household water use. Trust can affect household water use indirectly through its influence on risk perception. Moreover, trust and risk perception in household water use are neither given nor fixed; rather, they are dynamically determined by external, internal, and informational factors. A coherent, stable, transparent, and fair social and institutional structure is conducive to building trust. However, trust and risk perception differ among groups with diverse household and/or individual demographic, economic, social, and cultural characteristics. Direct information from personal experiences and, more importantly, indirect information from one’s social network, as well as from mass media and social media, play an increasingly important role in the formation and evolution of trust and risk perception, bringing a profound impact on household water use in an era of information. Future directions lie in new dynamics of risk perception and trust in the era of information explosion, the coevolution mechanism of risk perception and trust in household water use, the nuanced impacts of different types of risks (e.g., controllable and uncontrollable) on household water use, and the interactive relations of risk perception and trust across geographical contexts.

Conceptualizing trade-offs of water conservation strategies and unintended consequences using a system dynamics approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Odongo ◽  
Giuliano Di Baldassarre ◽  
Maurizio Mazzoleni
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Rebound Effects ◽  
Agricultural Water Use ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Use Efficiency

<p>Improving water use efficiency in agriculture is a key strategy in reducing water scarcity, especially during drought seasons. However, the benefits of these water saving strategies can be reduced if farmers switch to more profitable and water consuming crops or increasing irrigable area, i.e. rebound effects. These feedbacks will likely offset the water savings benefits and subsequently intensify agricultural water use. Here we propose a new system dynamic model that represents the interactions and feedback loops between hydrological and social processes to explore rebound effects by analysing competing water needs for both urban and agricultural allocation. The model is then used to explore the dynamics of different mitigation policy options to alleviate the phenomenon: (i) Restricting water allocation (ii) Limiting size of agricultural land (iii) Changing cropping patterns (iv) Deficit irrigation.</p><p> </p>

Application of “R” principles to enhance the efficiency of water usage in construction sites

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.G.A.S. Waidyasekara ◽  
Lalith De Silva ◽  
Raufdeen Rameezdeen
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Construction Operations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
Use Efficiency

Purpose Water conservationists have been promoting a hierarchy of measures to preserve water resources in the face of decreasing freshwater availability in the world. However, applicability of water hierarchy to the construction industry is yet to be investigated. To fill this knowledge gap, the purpose of this paper is to investigate water usage, water use efficiency, and conservation measures relevant to the construction operations. Design/methodology/approach A triangulation-based mixed-methods approach was adopted for the collection and analysis of data. First, four case studies were carried out to explore the current practices and the possibilities of applying the water hierarchy to the construction operations. This was followed by a questionnaire survey, administered among construction professionals to obtain their views and to verify the findings of case studies. Findings Strategies such as reuse and recycling were found to be less applicable and least preferred by the construction professionals compared to reduce, replace, and eliminate. Based on the research findings, three enabling measures, namely, regulation, responsibility, and reward, were found to enhance the effectiveness of these conservation strategies. Practical implications Knowledge on preferences of different water conservation measures among the construction professionals and their effectiveness on construction site could help the construction companies to device strategies to mitigate water wastage and enhance water use efficiency. It could also help policy-makers to develop guidelines that would have higher probability of acceptance among construction stakeholders. Originality/value The study proposes an extended water hierarchy (3R.6R) by integrating three enabling measures discussed above for the construction project sites.

Water conservation education as a tool to empower water users to reduce water use

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hoy ◽  
S. Stelli
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Conservation Education ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Education And Awareness

There is a finite supply of global fresh water available for human consumption, which is in great demand from both humans and the environment. As technology and populations increase, so do the demands and pressure on this limited resource. Demand far too often outstrips supply, requiring authorities to impose restrictions on water use. Recent research undertaken by Rand Water, in the Rand Water supply area (in and around Gauteng, South Africa) points to the desire from end users to be empowered with knowledge to make their own decisions on water use reduction, rather than to have authoritative restrictions imposed on them. This observation indicates the importance of water conservation education and awareness campaigns to facilitate the reduction in water consumption by consumers, and suggests that education is a priority in the implementation of water conservation strategies.

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