A pilot bioretention system with commercial activated carbon and river sediment-derived biochar for enhanced nutrient removal from stormwater

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Sang ◽  
Miansong Huang ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Wu Che ◽  
Huichao Sun
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
River Sediment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Column Experiment ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Mass Removal ◽  
The Media ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Abstract Bioretention is an effective technology for urban stormwater management, but the nutrient removal in conventional bioretention systems is highly variable. Thus, a pilot bioretention column experiment was performed to evaluate the nutrient control of systems with commercial activated carbon and river sediment-derived biochar. Significant chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phosphorus (TP) leaching were found with the addition of activated carbon and biochar, but total nitrogen (TN) leaching was significantly improved when activated carbon was used as the medium. During a semi-synthetic runoff experiment, the bioretention systems containing two types of fluvial biochar showed relatively better COD and TN control (average mass removal efficiencies and cumulative removal efficiencies) than commercial activated carbon. However, the average TP mass removal efficiency with commercial activated carbon (95% ± 3%) was significantly higher than biochar (48% ± 20% and 56 ± 14%). The addition of biochar in the media increased the nitrogen removal efficiency, and the addition of activated carbon significantly increased the phosphorous removal efficiency. Therefore, both biochar and activated carbon are effective materials for bioretention, and fluvial biochar provides an alternative approach to comprehensively utilize river sediment.

scholarly journals Addition of Corn Cob in the Free Drainage Zone of Partially Saturated Vertical Wetlands Planted with I. sibirica for Total Nitrogen Removal—A Pilot-Scale Study

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2151
Author(s):  
Aarón Del Toro ◽  
Allan Tejeda ◽  
Florentina Zurita
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Mass Removal ◽  
Partially Saturated ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Drainage Zone ◽  
Free Drainage ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

The aim of this 15-month study was to evaluate and compare two partially saturated (PS) vertical flow (VF) wetlands for total nitrogen (TN) removal. The PS VF wetlands, evaluated in duplicate, were added with corncob (CC) in two different heights of the free-drainage zone (FDZ). The FDZ had a height of 40 cm and the saturated zone (SZ) had a height of 30 cm. The configuration of the system I (SI) was a 20 cm-corncob bed above the SZ followed by a 20 cm-tezontle bed; in system II (SII) the order of the beds were inverted. The SZ was added with tezontle with a size of 1−2 cm. Weekly measurements of water quality parameters including oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, total suspended solids (TSS), organic nitrogen (Org-N), ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−) and nitrite (NO2−), were taken in the influent and effluents, and interfaces (nitrate and nitrite). Measurements of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) were taken in the SZ. The addition of CC in the FDZ did not interfere with the capacity of the PS VF wetlands for BOD5, COD, TSS and true color removal, reaching mass removal efficiencies of 91.9% and 92.2%, 66.6% and 75%, 89.8% and 92%, 63.3% and 66.0%, for SI and SII, respectively; without significant difference between the systems (p > 0.05). The CC in the FDZ neither interfered with the PS VF wetlands nitrification capacity. The removal of TN was similar in SI and SII (p > 0.05), attaining average mass removal efficiencies of 68.2% and 66.0%, respectively. These efficiencies were not sufficiently high due to the limited denitrification process in the SZ as a result of the absence of biodegradable carbon, generated and consumed in the FDZ.

Two-stage entrapped mixed microbial cell process for simultaneous removal of organics and nitrogen for rural domestic sewage application

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.J. Kim ◽  
P.Y. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Microbial Cell ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Entrapped Mixed Microbial Cell

A two-stage entrapped mixed microbial cell (2SEMMC) process which separates nitrification and denitrification phases by the installation of the anoxic and oxic EMMC reactors packed with EMMC carriers was operated with 6, 4, 3, and 2 hours of hydraulic retention time (HRT) using simulated domestic wastewater. The activated sludge was immobilized using cellulose acetate for the EMMC carriers. Similar soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) removal efficiencies of 90-97% were observed for all HRTs (SCOD loading rate of 0.84-2.30 g/L/d) applied. In order to achieve more than 80 % of TN removal efficiency, the HRT should be maintained higher than 4 hours (less than 0.24 g/L/d of TN loading rate). Denitrification was a rate-limiting step which controlled overall TN removal efficiency at TN loading rate of 0.15-0.31 g/L/d although nitrification efficiencies achieved 97-99 %. The effluent TSS of less than 25 mg/L in the 2SEMMC process was maintained at the SCOD loading rate of less than 1.23 g/L/d with back-washing intervals of 5 and 10 days in the anoxic and oxic EMMC reactors, respectively. The minimum HRT of 4 hours is required for high removal efficiencies of organics (average 95.6 %) and nitrogen (average 80.5 %) in the 2SEMMC process with 3 times of recirculation ratio.

scholarly journals Performance comparison of uninsulated and insulated hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) operating at warm temperature

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (9) ◽  
pp. 1879-1892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Khalekuzzaman ◽  
Muhammed Alamgir ◽  
Mehedi Hasan ◽  
Md Nahid Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Warm Temperature ◽  
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Abstract In this research, a hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) configuration was proposed consisting of a front sedimentation chamber and four regular baffled chambers followed by two floated filter media chambers for the treatment of domestic wastewater. Performance comparison of uninsulated and insulated HABRs was carried out operating at warm temperature (18.6–37.6 °C) under variable HRTs (30 h and 20 h). The study suggests that almost similar chemical oxygen demand (91% vs 88%), total suspended solids (90% vs 95%), turbidity (98% vs 97%), and volatile suspended solids (90% vs 93%) removal efficiencies were obtained for uninsulated and insulated HABRs. Higher removal of total nitrogen (TN) of 41%, NH4+-N of 44%, and NO3−-N of 91% were achieved by the insulated HABR compared to TN of 37%, NH4+-N of 36%, and NO3−-N of 84% by the uninsulated HABR, whereas lower PO43− removal efficiency of 17% was found in the insulated HABR compared to 24% in the uninsulated HABR. This indicated insulation increased nitrogen removal efficiencies by 4% for TN, 8% for NH4+-N and 7% for NO3−-N, but decreased PO43−removal efficiency by 7%.

Treatment of synthetic wastewater and hog waste with reduced sludge generation by the multi-environment BioCAST technology

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Yerushalmi ◽  
M. Alimahmoodi ◽  
C. N. Mulligan
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Biological Sludge ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Cod Removal Rate

Simultaneous removal of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus was examined along with reduced generation of biological sludge during the treatment of synthetic wastewater and hog waste by the BioCAST technology. This new multi-environment wastewater treatment technology contains both suspended and immobilized microorganisms, and benefits from the presence of aerobic, microaerophilic, anoxic and anaerobic conditions for the biological treatment of wastewater. The influent concentrations during the treatment of synthetic wastewater were 1,300–4,000 mg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L, 42–115 mg total nitrogen (TN)/L, and 19–40 mg total phosphorus (TP)/L. The removal efficiencies reached 98.9, 98.3 and 94.1%, respectively, for carbon, TN and TP during 225 days of operation. The removal efficiencies of carbon and nitrogen showed a minimal dependence on the nitrogen-to-phosphorus (N/P) ratio, while the phosphorus removal efficiency showed a remarkable dependence on this parameter, increasing from 45 to 94.1% upon the increase of N/P ratio from 3 to 4.5. The increase of TN loading rate had a minimal impact on COD removal rate which remained around 1.7 kg/m3 d, while it contributed to increased TP removal efficiency. The treatment of hog waste with influent COD, TN and TP concentrations of 960–2,400, 143–235 and 25–57 mg/L, respectively, produced removal efficiencies up to 89.2, 69.2 and 47.6% for the three contaminants, despite the inhibitory effects of this waste towards biological activity. The treatment system produced low biomass yields with average values of 3.7 and 8.2% during the treatment of synthetic wastewater and hog waste, respectively.

scholarly journals Removal of COD, NH4-N, and perfluorinated compounds from wastewater treatment plant effluent using ZnO-coated activated carbon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiawei Tang ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Peidong Su ◽  
Jingwei Quan ◽  
Yufeng Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Perfluorinated Compounds ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Membrane Diffusion ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Abstract This study investigated the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4-N, and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the effluent from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) using ZnO coated activated carbon (ZnO/AC). Results suggested that the optimal dosage of the ZnO/AC was 0.8 g/L within 240 min of contact time, at which the maximum removal efficiency of COD was approximately 86.8%, while the removal efficiencies of PFOA and PFOS reached 86.5% and 82.1%. In comparison, the removal efficiencies of NH4-N, PFBA, and PFBS were lower, at approximately 47.9%, 44.0%, and 55.4%, respectively. In addition, COD was preferentially adsorbed before PFCs and NH4-N, when the contact time ranged from 0 to 180 min, and the order of PFCs removal showed a positive correlation with C-F chain length. The kinetic study revealed that the removal of COD, NH4-N, and PFCs could be better depicted and predicted by the Lagergren quasi-second order dynamic model with high correlation coefficients, which involved liquid membrane diffusion, intraparticle diffusion, and photocatalytic reactions. The saturated ZnO/AC was finally regenerated using ultrasound for 3 h and retained excellent performance, which proved it could be considered as an effective and alternative technology.

Treatment of wine distillery wastewater by high rate anaerobic digestion

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.L. Melamane ◽  
R. Tandlich ◽  
J.E. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
High Rate ◽  
High Chemical ◽  
Distillery Wastewater ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
High Chemical Oxygen Demand

Wine distillery wastewaters (WDW) are acidic and have a high content of potential organic pollutants. This causes high chemical oxygen demand (COD) values. Polyphenols constitute a significant portion of this COD, and limit the efficiency of biological treatment of WDWs. WDW starting parameters were as follows: pH 3.83, 4,185 mg/l soluble COD (CODs) and 674.6 mg/l of phenols. During operation, amendments of CaCO3 and K2HPO4, individually or in combination, were required for buffering the digester. Volatile fatty acid concentrations were <300 mg/l throughout the study, indicating degradation of organic acids present. Mean CODs removal efficiency for the 130 day study was 87%, while the mean polyphenol, removal efficiency was 63%. Addition of 50 mg/l Fe3 +  between days 86 and 92 increased the removal efficiencies of CODs to 97% and of polyphenols to 65%. Addition of Co3 +  improved removal efficiencies to 97% for CODs and 92% for polyphenols. Optimization of anaerobic treatment was achieved at 30% WDW feed strength. Removal efficiencies of 92% and 84% were recorded at increased feed strength from days 108 to 130. High removal efficiencies of CODs and polyphenols after day 82 were attributed to the addition of macronutrients and micronutrients that caused pH stability and thus stimulated microbial activity.

Nutrient removal in reverse osmosis concentrates using a biological aerated filter

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biological Aerated Filter ◽  
Aerated Filter ◽  
Ro Concentrate

The aim of this study is to employ a biological aerated filter (BAF) in the treatment of reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate received from reuse of treatment plant wastewater. Furthermore, the influence of chemical oxygen demand (COD)/N ratio on the nutrient removal was analyzed to find the detailed removal pathways of nutrients. The result was found to be high efficiency for biochemical oxygen demand removal (95.86%) compared to that of COD (88.95%) and suspended solids (81.12%). The total phosphorus (TP) (67.66%) and PO4-P (61.42%) removal efficiencies were relatively lower than that of total nitrogen (TN) (81.42%) and NO3-N (76.70%). This may be due to the fact that the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)/TP ratio (8.01) was relatively low. Decreasing the COD/N ratio decreased TP and PO4-P removal efficiency. However, the removal efficiency of TN and NH4-N was increased from 47.60 to 64.54 and 54.17 to 73.72% with decreasing of COD/N ratio from 8.19 to 7.64, respectively. In addition, the denitrification rate and nitrification rate were increased from 211.8 to 301.0 mg/L d and 87.7 to 109.4 mg/L d, respectively, when COD/N ratios changed from 8.19 to 7.64. Therefore, in order to reuse the RO concentrate, the BAF process could effectively treat the RO concentrate.

Performance of a baffled facultative pond treating piggery wastes

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.T. Zanotelli ◽  
W. Medri ◽  
P. Belli Filho ◽  
C.C. Perdomo ◽  
M.R. Mulinari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
The West ◽  
West Region ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Water Hyacinths

This paper shows the performance of a baffled facultative pond for the treatment of piggery wastes. The full-scale system is composed of an equalizer, one decanter (DP), two anaerobic ponds (LA1 and LA2), one facultative pond (LF), with five baffles, and one maturation pond with water hyacinths (LAG). The studies were conducted over a 12 month period in the west region of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The system was supplied daily with a volume of 3 m3/day of farm wastes. A good performance of the treatment system was obtained with average removal efficiencies of 98% for chemical oxygen demand, 93% for total solids, 98% for total phosphorus, 92% for total nitrogen, 7 log units of faecal coliforms and 5 log units of total coliforms. The facultative pond performed well, removing 43% of the chemical oxygen demand, 47% of total nitrogen and 54% of total phosphorus. It was found that the first baffle in the facultative pond was mainly responsible for the efficiency of this pond, and compared with another study the introduction of the baffles improved the removal efficiency by 20% for total phosphorus.

scholarly journals Reuse of industrial residues/wastes as a sustainable solution for landfill leachate contaminated groundwater

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emre Burcu Özkaraova ◽  
Elif Güven Oral
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Permeable Reactive Barrier ◽  
Reactive Material ◽  
Contaminant Plumes ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

In order to increase the reuse of wastes and residues, as required by the Waste Framework Directive, the potential use of waste, residue and natural minerals as low-cost permeable reactive barrier (PRB) materials was investigated. The performance of a kitchen waste compost, sepiolite and steel slag was compared with that of volcanic slag, pumice and activated carbon in removing specific contaminants from landfill leachate. The experiments represented that the activated carbon removed 27% of the ammonium (NH4+), 75% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 100% of the phosphate (PO43–), zinc (Zn2+) and nickel (Ni2+) from the landfill leachate. Volcanic slag exhibited removal efficiencies of 50% COD and 100% PO43– and pumice exhibited removal efficiencies of 20% NH4+, 27% Zn2+, 65% COD and 100% PO43–. The reactive materials were also checked for their potential in releasing unwanted constituents and represented different levels of the solute (e.g., PO43–, SO42–, NH4+) release. Among the reactives, sepiolite was found to be the reactive material reflecting a minor release (e.g., Zn2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+), but also delivering removal efficiencies of 40, 50, 65, 95, 97, 98, 98 and 100% for Ni2+, COD, Zn2+, SO42–, Cl–, F–, NH4+ and PO43–, respectively. The results show that the studied materials have the potential as reactives for PRB systems treating high strength contaminant plumes.

scholarly journals Chemical-Free Greywater Treatment Using Aeration, Sedimentation, Followed by Granular Activated Carbon Filter (GAC) -A Case Study of Baghdad city household

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 66-79
Author(s):  
Marwa M. Ali ◽  
Nawar Omran Ali ◽  
Mahdi Shanshal Jaafar
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Granular Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Activated Carbon Filter ◽  
Carbon Filter

Greywater is a possible water source that can be improved for meeting the quality required for irrigation. Treatment of greywater can range from uncomplicated coarse filtration to advanced biological treatment. This article presents a simple design of a small scale greywater treatment plant, which is a series of physical and natural processes including screening, aeration, sedimentation, and filtration using granular activated carbon filter and differentiates its performance with sand filter. The performance of these units with the dual filter media of (activated carbon with sand) in treatment of greywater from Iraqi house in Baghdad city during 2019 and that collected from several points including washbasins, kitchen sink, bathrooms, and laundry, was recorded in terms of removal efficiency of particular pollutants like Turbidity 94%, chemical oxygen demand (COD) 93%, and oil 91%. Dual filter was the most effective filter for decreasing these pollutants, while sand indicates the lowest removal efficiency. In general, granular activated carbon media seemed to be the most proper medium to improve greywater quality for reaching the quality of irrigation within the terms of organic matter decrease. Accordingly, this technology may be reliable for greywater treatment in a residential area.

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