Exploring aeration-associated energy savings at a conventional water reclamation plant

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (8) ◽  
pp. 2222-2231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Jie Zhu ◽  
Paul R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Low Probability

Aeration accounts for a large fraction of energy consumption at conventional water reclamation plants (WRPs). Older plants were designed when control techniques were relatively primitive and energy consumption was less of a concern. As a result, although process operations at older WRPs can satisfy effluent permit requirements, they can operate with excess aeration. In this study, we developed a wastewater process model to evaluate possible aeration savings at the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago Calumet WRP, one of the oldest plants in Chicago. Based on subsets of influent characteristics, we identified eight steady-state scenarios. We also identified transient scenarios that included high probability perturbations and more challenging but lower probability conditions. Results indicate that the Calumet WRP frequently operates with excess aeration. Effluent dissolved oxygen is the limiting parameter with respect to aeration saving and permit requirements. In a typical storm event, aeration could be reduced by up to 50%; even under low probability challenging perturbations, aeration can be decreased by 35% from current average levels and all permit requirements can be satisfied. Annual cost savings from cutting the aeration by 35% could be more than $1.2 million.

scholarly journals Revision of Threshold Luminance Levels in Tunnels Aiming to Minimize Energy Consumption at No Cost: Methodology and Case Studies

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lambros T. Doulos ◽  
Ioannis Sioutis ◽  
Aris Tsangrassoulis ◽  
Laurent Canale ◽  
Kostantinos Faidas
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Tuning Method ◽  
Scada System ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Tunnel Design ◽  
Lighting Systems

Because of the absence of lighting calculation tools at the initial stage of tunnel design, the lighting systems are usually over-dimensioned, leading to over illumination and increased energy consumption. For this reason, a fine-tuning method for switching lighting stages according to the traffic weighted L20 luminance is proposed at no additional cost. The method was applied in a real –case scenario, where L20 luminance of the access zone at eleven (11) existing tunnels was calculated. The traffic weighted method of CR14380 was used in order to calculate the actual luminance levels for the entrance zone. The new transition zone, which decreases luminance curves, was produced and compared with the existing ones. Thus, a new switching control was proposed and programed for the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system of the tunnel. The signals of the corresponding eleven L20 meters for a period of eight days were used and the corresponding annual energy consumptions were calculated using the proposed switching program for each tunnel. The results were compared with a number of scenarios in which the existing lighting system was retrofitted with Lighting Emitting Diodes (LED) luminaires. In these scenarios, the new luminaire arrangement was based not only on the existing luminance demand value for the threshold zone, but also on the newly proposed one with two different control techniques (continuous dimming and 10% step dimming). The fine-tuning method for switching resulted in energy savings between 11% and 54% depending on the tunnel when the scenario of the existing installation at no extra cost was used. Energy savings, when LED luminaires were installed, varied between 57% (for the scenario with existing luminance demand value for the threshold zone and 10% step dimming) and 85% (for the scenario with the new calculated luminance demand and continuous dimming).

scholarly journals Modelling energy efficiency and generation potential in the South African wastewater services sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 876-890
Author(s):  
John N. Zvimba ◽  
Eustina V. Musvoto
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
South African ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Optimal Process ◽  
The South ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Energy Conservation Measures

Abstract About 55% of energy used in the South African water cycle is for wastewater treatment, with the bulk of this energy associated with aeration in biological processes. However, up to 15% of wastewater energy demand can be offset by energy generation from sludge (power and/or combined heat and power), while best practices adoption can deliver energy efficiency gains of between 5% and 25% in the water cycle. Advanced process modelling and simulation has been applied in this study as a tool to evaluate optimal process and aeration control strategies. This study further applied advanced modelling to investigate and predict the potential energy consumption and consumption cost pattern by the South African wastewater sector resulting from implementation of optimal process and aeration energy use reduction strategies in support of sustainable municipal wastewater management. Aeration energy consumption and cost savings of 9–45% were demonstrated to be achievable through implementation of energy conservation measures without compromising final effluent regulatory compliance. The study further provided significant potential future energy savings as high as 50% and 78% through implementation of simple and complex aeration energy conservation measures respectively. Generally, the model-predicted energy savings suggest that adoption of energy efficiency should be coupled with electricity generation from sludge in order to achieve maximum energy consumption and cost savings within the South African wastewater services sector.

Energy Management Techniques for Small and Medium-Sized Companies

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Giacone ◽  
Salvatore Manco` ◽  
Pietro Gabriele
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Process Control ◽  
Statistical Process Control ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Considerable Progress ◽  
Statistical Process ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Industrial Context

Energy management in the industrial context is an important factor to attain energy savings as well as environmental efficiency. In fact, if every single factory could achieve some even relatively small improvements, considerable progress in a countrywide dimension would be made. The purpose of this paper is to show how energy management can be introduced in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Even if, in general, only data about the system as a whole are available, it is enough to begin an analysis leading to the knowledge of the laws relating energy consumption (electricity and fuels) and energy drivers (production, weather, etc.). Statistical process control techniques are the tools that have been applied.

scholarly journals Study of Energy Saving Analysis for Different Industries

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Abdel-Hadi ◽  
Abdel Rahman Salem ◽  
Ahmad I. Abbas ◽  
Mohammad Qandil ◽  
Ryoichi S. Amano
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Metal Industry ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Standard Industrial Classification ◽  
Fabricated Metal ◽  
Energy Assessment ◽  
Knowing That

Abstract This study analyzes the energy consumption and saving performance in the industries in the U.S.A. All energy assessments implemented were for facilities whose annual energy consumptions were less than 9,000,000 kWh (small- and medium-sized industries) that belong to the manufacturing industries with Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes ranging from 2000 to 3999 in addition to SIC codes starting with 49. In this study, assessments are classified based on the SIC codes with recommendations analysis for each classification to get a better idea of what recommendations were suggested in each major industrial sector, knowing that 68 assessments were made, and their SIC ranged from 14 to 49. In addition, this study could be considered as a guide for energy engineers and other personnel involved in the energy assessment process. The information investigated can give a better prediction for composing better energy-demanding industries and minimizing energy consumption. More than 61 energy assessments were conducted for manufacturing facilities and analyzing the data gathered and processed. Through the research, the Fabricated Metal industry achieved the highest average kWh savings and cost savings within the industries studied in this study. According to the average gigajoule (GJ) savings, the fabricated metal industry ranked second within the studied industries. Conversely, Food and Kindred Products achieved the highest GJ energy savings within the studied industries. Lighting, motors, compressors, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) were the most contributing industries in a total of 547 recommendations.

scholarly journals Reducing The Energy Consumption By Using Floor Heating With Phase Change Materials In The Toronto Climate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Fialkov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Phase Change Materials ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Radiant Floor Heating System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Floor Heating

This major research project focuses on reducing the energy consumption, by modelling a radiant floor heating system with phase change materials, in the Toronto climate. Computer generated simulations were performed using DesignBuilder software, using an example of a typical condominium in Toronto .Two south facing suites and two north facing suites were investigated. Of those suites, one north facing suite had PCM below the finished floor, as well as one south facing suite. The objective of these simulations was to determine the impact of using PCM in the condo suites. Three different types of PCM were used, in order to determine which type had the biggest energy savings. The PCMs were M91/Q21, M51/Q21 and M27/Q21. The final results showed that the suites with the M27/Q21 PCM had the lowest energy usage. A cost savings comparison was performed based on the rate of energy used and the cost of the energy, provided by the Ontario Energy Board.

scholarly journals Building energy simulations for different building types equipped with a high performance thermochromic smart window

2021 ◽  
Vol 855 (1) ◽  
pp. 012001
Author(s):  
D Mann ◽  
C Yeung ◽  
R Habets ◽  
Z Vroon ◽  
P Buskens
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Smart Window ◽  
Smart Windows ◽  
The Impact

Abstract With constantly progressing climate change and global warming, we face the challenge to reduce our energy consumption and CO2 emission. To increase the energy-efficiency in buildings, we developed a thermochromic coating for smart windows which is optimized for intermediate climates. Here we present a building energy simulation study for the use of our smart window in the four main residential building types in the Netherlands. In the study we show that for all building types energy savings between 15-30% can be achieved. Hereby the impact of the windows on energy consumption is dependent on the window surface area as well as the total floor space. Furthermore we show that by the use of our new smart window, where the thermochromic coating is combined with a standard low-e coating, annual cost savings for energy between 220-445 € for a single household can be achieved. The thermochromic coating usually accounts for half of these cost savings, that is an addition in cost savings between 6-7.5 €/m2 glass. Due to the low material and processing costs for the thermochromic coating, a return on invest within 7 years should be feasible with these annual cost savings.

scholarly journals GPF: A Green Power Forwarding Technique for Energy-Efficient Network Operations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahil Gandotra ◽  
Levi Perigo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Network Routing ◽  
Routing Metric ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Green Power ◽  
Network Operations ◽  
Network Administrators

The energy consumption of network infrastructures is increasing; therefore, research efforts designed to diminish this growing carbon footprint are necessary. Building on prior work, which determined a difference in the energy consumption of network hardware based on their forwarding configurations and developed a real-time network energy monitoring tool, this research proposes a novel technique to incorporate individual device energy efficiency into network routing decisions. A new routing metric and algorithm are presented to select the lowest-power, least-congested paths between destinations, known as Green Power Forwarding (GPF). In addition, a network dial is developed to enhance GPF by allowing network administrators to tune the network to optimally operate between energy savings and network performance. To ensure the scope of this research for industry adoption, implementation details for different generations of networking infrastructure (past, present, and future) are also discussed. The experiment results indicate that significant energy and, in turn, cost savings can be achieved by employing the proposed GPF technique without a reduction in network performance. The future directions for this research include developing dynamically-tuning network dial modes and extending the principles to inter-domain routing.

scholarly journals Dynamic air supply models add realism to the evaluation of control strategies in water resource recovery facilities

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 1104-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pau Juan-García ◽  
Mehlika A. Kiser ◽  
Oliver Schraa ◽  
Leiv Rieger ◽  
Lluís Corominas
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Resource Recovery ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Air Distribution ◽  
Oxygen Control ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen Control

Abstract This paper introduces the application of a fully dynamic air distribution model integrated with a biokinetic process model and a detailed process control model. By using a fully dynamic air distribution model, it is possible to understand the relationships between aeration equipment, control algorithms, process performance, and energy consumption, thus leading to a significantly more realistic prediction of water resource recovery facility (WRRF) performance. Consequently, this leads to an improved design of aeration control strategies and equipment. A model-based audit has been performed for the Girona WRRF with the goal of providing a more objective evaluation of energy reduction strategies. Currently, the Girona plant uses dissolved oxygen control and has been manually optimised for energy consumption. Results from a detailed integrated model show that the implementation of an ammonia-based aeration controller, a redistribution of the diffusers, and the installation of a smaller blower lead to energy savings between 12 and 21%, depending on wastewater temperature. The model supported the development of control strategies that counter the effects of current equipment limitations, such as tapered diffuser distribution, or over-sized blowers. The latter causes an intermittent aeration pattern with blowers switching on and off, increasing wear of the equipment.

scholarly journals Reducing The Energy Consumption By Using Floor Heating With Phase Change Materials In The Toronto Climate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Fialkov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Phase Change Materials ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Radiant Floor Heating System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Floor Heating

This major research project focuses on reducing the energy consumption, by modelling a radiant floor heating system with phase change materials, in the Toronto climate. Computer generated simulations were performed using DesignBuilder software, using an example of a typical condominium in Toronto .Two south facing suites and two north facing suites were investigated. Of those suites, one north facing suite had PCM below the finished floor, as well as one south facing suite. The objective of these simulations was to determine the impact of using PCM in the condo suites. Three different types of PCM were used, in order to determine which type had the biggest energy savings. The PCMs were M91/Q21, M51/Q21 and M27/Q21. The final results showed that the suites with the M27/Q21 PCM had the lowest energy usage. A cost savings comparison was performed based on the rate of energy used and the cost of the energy, provided by the Ontario Energy Board.

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