Artemia salina acute immobilization test: a possible tool for aquatic ecotoxicity assessment

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 903-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Kalčíková ◽  
Jana Zagorc-Končan ◽  
Andreja Žgajnar Gotvajn
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Water Partition Coefficient ◽  
Marine Crustacean ◽  
Strong Relation

Despite the fact that the marine crustacean Artemia salina is extensively used in ecotoxicology, there is still a lack of information about its sensitivity to commonly used chemicals. In the presented study, acute toxicity of 18 commonly used chemicals – including organic solvents, industrial chemicals, metals and inorganic compounds – to A. salina was evaluated. A. salina showed a range of sensitivities to tested chemicals. Regarding all of the investigated organics, phenolic compounds expressed the highest toxicity to A. salina. Nitrite and mercury were the most toxic inorganic substances applied in the study. On the other hand, dimethyl sulfoxide, nitrate and ammonium were the least toxic. The possibility to use A. salina for interspecies correlation was assessed by comparison of sensitivities of different organisms (bacteria, fish, crustacean) to organic compounds. Correlation between various species was observed, especially between A. salina and fish. Due to the strong relation between toxicity and the logarithm of the octanol/water partition coefficient logPOW, lipophilicity was found to be the main factor influencing toxicity of the chosen organic compounds. No significant correlation between toxicity to A. salina and physico-chemical parameters of metals was observed.

The Mode of Action of Disulfide Accelerators of Vulcanization

1937 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-163
Author(s):  
W. Langenbeck ◽  
H. C. Rhiem
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Technical Problem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Organic Catalysis ◽  
Catalytic Power ◽  
Organic Catalysts

Abstract The catalytic power of organic compounds in general has up to the present time been studied much less extensively than that of inorganic compounds. For about the last ten years, however, the first author has, in collaboration with a number of his students, attempted to fill this gap, though so far efforts have been confined to explaining the mode of action of natural enzymes by means of comparative experiments with organic catalysts. As a result of this work, a theory based on experimental facts has been developed to explain in a satisfactory way the action of enzymes. The other phase of organic catalysis is, strictly speaking, a technical problem. Why for instance should it not be practicable to utilize organic catalysts more extensively than heretofore in industry? If this problem is to be attacked, it seems reasonable to start with the particular industry which already uses organic catalysts to the greatest extent. This is, of course, the rubber industry. The important accomplishments of the chemical industry with respect to the development of vulcanization accelerators is already common knowledge, and the important task at present is not simply to increase the great number of accelerators already known. A problem of more practical value would seem to be to study the mechanism of the acceleration of vulcanization, about which relatively little has been known heretofore.

scholarly journals THE USE OF COPPER INDICATOR ELECTRODES IN VOLTAMMETRIC ANALYSIS

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 26-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Yu. Martynov ◽  
O. A. Naumova ◽  
N. K. Zaytsev ◽  
I. Yu. Lovchinovsky
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Electrochemical Analysis ◽  
Voltammetric Analysis ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Copper Electrodes ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Solid Electrodes

The review describes the application of solid electrodes based on copper for voltammetric analysis of major classes of organic and inorganic substances over the last fifty years. Despite the fact that there are many reviews of individual solid electrodes this review offers the first comprehensive report on all forms of copper electrodes. The advantages and disadvantages of copper electrodes in comparison with electrodes made of other metals are discussed. Varieties of copper electrodes, their basic physico-chemical properties and some specific characteristics of their surface are described. The electrochemical behavior of copper in aqueous solutions and electrocatalytic mechanisms of transformations of matter on its surface are reported. Examples of the use of electrochemical copper sensors for flow-injection analysis and liquid chromatography are given. Recent trends of the use of copper micro- and nanostructured electrodes in electrochemical analysis are reviewed. The prospects of using copper as a material for the creation of new electrochemical sensors are shown.

Integrated Leachate Treatment Technology

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-220
Author(s):  
Zawawi Daud ◽  
Halizah Awang
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Leachate Treatment ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Removal Of Heavy Metals ◽  
Pre Treatment

In this chapter, the performance of combined treatment of municipal landfill leachate is reviewed. Although individual physico-chemical treatments are suitable for the removal of heavy metals and hydrolyzation of some organic compounds, a combination of two physico-chemical treatments or physico-chemical and biological is required for optimum treatment of stabilized landfill leachate. A combination of two physico-chemical treatments can give optimum results in removal of recalcitrant organic compounds from stabilized leachate, as reflected by a significant decrease of the COD values after treatment. On the other hand, a combination of physico-chemical and biological treatments is required to achieve effective removal of NH3-N and COD with a substantial amount of biodegradable organic matter. In many cases, physico-chemical treatments are suitable for pre-treatment of stabilized leachate. The objective of this paper is to highlight various types of integrated leachate treatments as it has been difficult to get optimum efficiency from single approached treatment.

scholarly journals Bushfires and tank rainwater quality: A cause for concern?

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Spinks ◽  
Suzanne Phillips ◽  
Priscilla Robinson ◽  
Paul Van Buynder
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
North East ◽  
Rainwater Tank ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
Drinking Water Guideline

In early 2003, after a prolonged drought period, extensive bushfires occurred in the east of Victoria affecting 1.5 million hectares of land. At the time, smoke and ash from bushfires, settling on roofs, contained pollutants that could potentially contaminate rainwater collected and stored in tanks for domestic use. The major concerns include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from incomplete combustion of organic matter and arsenic from burnt copper chrome arsenate (CCA) treated wood. An increase in microbial contamination through altered nutrient levels was also hypothesised. A pilot study of 49 rainwater tank owners was undertaken in north-east Victoria. A rainwater tank sample was taken and analysed for a variety of parameters including organic compounds, microbiological indicators, metals, nutrients and physico-chemical parameters. A survey was administered concurrently. A number of results were outside the Australian Drinking Water Guideline (ADWG) values for metals and microbiological indicator organisms, but not for any tested organic compounds. PAHs and arsenic are unlikely to be elevated in rainwater tanks as a result of bushfires, but cadmium may be of concern.

Correlations between Molecular Descriptors from Various Volatile Organic Compounds and Photocatalytic Oxidation Kinetic Constants

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 799-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Raillard ◽  
Valérie Héquet ◽  
Bifen Gao ◽  
Heyok Choi ◽  
Dionysios D. Dionysiou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Photocatalytic Oxidation ◽  
Molecular Descriptors ◽  
Equilibrium Constants ◽  
Oxidation Kinetic ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Volatile Organic

Abstract The photocatalytic oxidation of seven typical indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is experimentally investigated using novel nanocrystalline TiO2 dip-coated catalysts. Not only the role of hydrophilicity of the reactants but also other physico-chemical properties and molecular descriptors are studied and related to kinetic and equilibrium constants. The main objective of this work consists in establishing simple relationships that will be useful to deepen the understanding of gas-phase heterogeneous photocatalytic mechanisms and for the prediction of degradation rates of these VOCs using an indoor air treatment process.

Some Observations on Taeniid Ovicides: The Effects of Some Organic Compounds and Pesticides on Activity and Hatching

1967 ◽  
Vol 41 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 167-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mackie ◽  
I. W. Parnell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Preliminary Screening ◽  
Insignificant Effect

The results are given of the preliminary screening of many organic compounds and pesticides and of a few inorganic compounds on the eggs of T. hydatigena and T. ovis.Over fifty of these chemicals had little, if any, effect on activity or on hatching, the majority of the others had only an insignificant effect. Moreover, many of the most effective were hindered by the protection of proglottids. Furthermore, some could not be used in practice.

scholarly journals Minerality in Wine: Towards the Reality behind the Myths

Beverages ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Parr ◽  
Alex Maltman ◽  
Sally Easton ◽  
Jordi Ballester
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Mineral Nutrients ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Nutrient Elements ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Marked Variability ◽  
Wine Composition ◽  
Wine Fermentations

Tasting minerality in wine is highly fashionable, but it is unclear what this involves. The present review outlines published work concerning how minerality in wine is perceived and conceptualised by wine professionals and consumers. Studies investigating physico-chemical sources of perceived minerality in wine are reviewed also. Unusually, for a wine sensory descriptor, the term frequently is taken to imply a genesis: the sensation is the taste of minerals in the wine that were transported through the vine from the vineyard rocks and soils. Recent studies exploring tasters’ definitions of minerality in wine support this notion. However, there are reasons why this cannot be. First, minerals in wine are nutrient elements that are related distantly only to vineyard geological minerals. Second, mineral nutrients in wine normally have minuscule concentrations and generally lack flavour. Results of reviewed studies overall demonstrate marked variability in both wine professionals’ and wine consumers’ definitions and sensory-based judgments of minerality in wine, although there is some consensus in terms of the other wine attributes that associate with the term mineral. The main wine composition predictors of perceived minerality involve a complex combination of organic compounds dependent on grape ripeness and/or derived from wine fermentations and redox status.

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