Effect of integrating straw into agricultural soils on soil infiltration and evaporation

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 2213-2218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiansheng Cao ◽  
Changming Liu ◽  
Wanjun Zhang ◽  
Yunlong Guo
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Straw Mulching

Soil water movement is a critical consideration for crop yield in straw-integrated fields. This study used an indoor soil column experiment to determine soil infiltration and evaporation characteristics in three forms of direct straw-integrated soils (straw mulching, straw mixing and straw inter-layering). Straw mulching is covering the land surface with straw. Straw mixing is mixing straw with the top 10 cm surface soil. Then straw inter-layering is placing straw at the 20 cm soil depth. There are generally good correlations among the mulch integration methods at p < 0.05, and with average errors/biases <10%. Straw mixing exhibited the best effect in terms of soil infiltration, followed by straw mulching. Due to over-burden weight-compaction effect, straw inter-layering somehow retarded soil infiltration. In terms of soil water evaporation, straw mulching exhibited the best effect. This was followed by straw mixing and then straw inter-layering. Straw inter-layering could have a long-lasting positive effect on soil evaporation as it limited the evaporative consumption of deep soil water. The responses of the direct straw integration modes to soil infiltration and evaporation could lay the basis for developing efficient water-conservation strategies. This is especially useful for water-scarce agricultural regions such as the arid/semi-arid regions of China.

scholarly journals Using Soil Water Stable Isotopes to Investigate Soil Water Movement in a Water Conservation Forest in Hani Terrace

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3520
Author(s):  
Huimei Pu ◽  
Weifeng Song ◽  
Jinkui Wu
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Soil Water Movement

Water conservation forests significantly contribute to the stability of mountain agricultural ecosystems in Hani Terrace. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the stable isotopic composition of soil water and precipitation to determine the mechanisms of soil water movement in the small watershed of Quanfuzhuang. We observed significant seasonal variations in soil water sources: antecedent precipitation was the dominant supply during the dry season, and current precipitation dominated during the rainy season. The recharge ratio of precipitation to soil water in the grassland was significantly higher than that in the arbor land and shrubland. The influence of water infiltration, old and new soil water mixing, and soil evaporation on the soil water stable isotopes gradually decreased from the surface (0–20 cm) to the deep (60–80 cm) soil. We observed significant seasonal variability in average soil water δ18O in the upper 0–60 cm and lower variability at 60–100 cm. The average soil water δ18O was generally higher in the dry season than in the rainy season. The mixing of old and new water is a continuous and cumulative process that is impacted by soil structure, soil texture, and precipitation events. We therefore identified a significant time delay in soil water supply with increasing soil depth. Moreover, the piston flow of soil water co-occurred with preferential flow, and the latter was the dominant supply during the rainy season.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Potential Impacts of Soil Moisture on the Observed and Model-Simulated Australian Surface Temperature Variations

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 4190-4212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huqiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Linear Regression Method ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Partial Correlations

Abstract Based on observational and modeling analyses, this study aims to assess the potential influence of land surface conditions (soil moisture, in particular) on the Australian surface temperature variations. At first, a simple linear regression method is used to largely remove the ENSO influence from 50-yr observational surface temperature and precipitation datasets. Then, lag and partial correlations of the residuals are analyzed. The impacts of precipitation on the forthcoming surface temperature variations are largely attributed to the soil storage of precipitation water and the slow-varying soil moisture process. Results from partial correlations between precipitation and temperature variations suggest that when responding to anomalous atmospheric forcing, the land surface can introduce some slow-varying processes that can in turn affect the mean state of the atmosphere at monthly or longer scales and increase the predictability of the climate system. Following the observational analysis, results from 16 Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2 (AMIP2) AGCM simulations are analyzed to assess whether land surface modeling can affect the model-simulated climate variability. Lag-correlation analysis reveals that “climatic memory” of soil moisture has different features in the 16 models. Models with simple bucket-type schemes tend to have a rapid decay rate in the retention of soil moisture anomalies and show rapid feedback between land surface and the overlying atmosphere, with a much weaker influence of soil moisture conditions on surface climate variations. In contrast, most models using nonbucket schemes in which more physical processes are introduced in simulating soil water evaporation and soil water movement tend to show slow-varying soil moisture processes, affecting the model integrations at longer time scales. Different characteristics for translating soil moisture memory into climate variability and predictability are seen across the models, and more detailed studies are needed to further explore how land surface processes affect climate variability and predictability.

scholarly journals Effects of Earthworm Cast Application on Water Evaporation and Storage in Loess Soil Column Experiments

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanpei Li ◽  
Mingan Shao ◽  
Jiao Wang ◽  
Tongchuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Small Particle ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Loess Soil ◽  
Soil Evaporation ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Water Storage Capacity

Earthworm cast is a common bio-organic fertiliser, which can effectively improve soil fertility and structure. However, only a few studies have focused on the effect of earthworm cast on soil water movement. In this study, loess soil was used to determine the effects of earthworm cast application on soil evaporation. The effects on water storage capacity and capillary upward movement were also investigated. A laboratory-based soil column experiment using earthworm cast with different particle sizes (1–3 × 1–2 cm and 3–5 × 2–4 cm) and three application doses (5%, 7.5%, and 10%) was carried out. The daily evaporation and volume of capillary ascension were monitored. The addition of earthworm cast clearly affected the soil evaporation by changing soil water storage capacity and capillary water upward movement. Compared with control soil, the application of 5% small-particle cast reduced the soil cumulative evaporation by 5.13%, while the cumulative evaporation was higher in all large-particle cast treatments. The upward capillary water movement increased with increasing dose of earthworm cast, but decreased with increasing particle size. Overall, the addition of earthworm cast clearly enhanced the water storage capacity of the soil, with the small-particle cast having greater effects than the large-particle cast. We concluded that the application of 5% small-particle earthworm cast can enhance soil water retention and reduce soil evaporation.

EFFECT OF SOIL WATER POTENTIAL AND BULK DENSITY ON WATER UPTAKE PATTERNS AND RESISTANCE TO FLOW OF WATER IN WHEAT PLANTS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. YANG ◽  
E. DE JONG
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Moisture Uptake ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
Water Uptake Patterns

Water uptake patterns of wheat plants were studied in a growth chamber by using two soils packed to three different bulk densities. The resistances to water movement in the soil and in the plant were calculated from the mathematical model for water uptake published in the literature. When the capillary potential of the soils was near −⅓ bar, withdrawal of water by plants was relatively small and most of the water was taken from the top 25 cm of the soil column. As soil water potential decreased, water uptake increased progressively toward the lower part of the soil column. The resistance to water movement in the plant increased from the top to the bottom of the root system and increased with increasing bulk density of the soils. For wet soils, unrealistic values were obtained which could be due to the fact that the interaction between aeration and moisture uptake is not taken into account in the theoretical equations for moisture uptake.

Laboratory experiments on evaporation from fallow soil

1941 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Penman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Isothermal Conditions ◽  
Normal Method ◽  
Dual Mechanism ◽  
Field Behaviour

Experiments on evaporation from freely drained soils are described. Under isothermal conditions characteristic winter field behaviour is obtained, even when the air drying power is greater than its normal English midsummer value. Characteristic summer field behaviour is obtained when the rapid drying of a thin surface layer is achieved, either by using an extremely high air temperature under ‘isothermal’ conditions, or by raising the surface temperature by means of radiation—the normal method in nature. The effect of a high salt concentration in the soil water is shown to lead to greater evaporation losses and to a tendency for the salt to concentrate in the more salty patches.It is suggested that mulching will only be beneficial during the isothermal part of the year, i.e. when soil surface and air temperature are approximately equal, and that it will have little effect on water conservation where the soil will be self mulched by the action of summer sunshine. The cause of this self-mulching action is briefly considered in the light of our limited knowledge of soil water dynamics; it appears to depend on the existence of a dual mechanism of water movement in soils—as liquid and as vapour—the rates of movement being very different functions of moisture content and moisture gradient.

What’s the impact of improved soil representations in the ECMWF land surface model and how does it affect the extremes?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souhail Boussetta ◽  
Gabriele Arduini ◽  
Gianpaolo Balsamo ◽  
Emanuel Dutra ◽  
Anna Agusti-Panareda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Carbon Fluxes ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
The Impact

<p>With increasingly higher spatial resolution and a broader applications, the importance of soil representation (e.g. soil depth, vertical discretisation, vegetation rooting) within land surface models is enhanced. Those modelling choices actually affects the way land surfaces store and regulate water, energy and also carbon fluxes. Heat and water vapour fluxes towards the atmosphere and deeper soil, exhibit variations spanning a range of time scales from minutes to months in the coupled land-atmosphere system. This is further modulated by the vertical roots' distribution, and soil moisture stress function, which control evapotranspiration under soil moisture stress conditions. Currently in the ECMWF land Surface Scheme the soil column is represented by a fixed 4 layers configuration with a total of approximately 3m depth.</p><p>In the present study we explore new configurations with increased soil depth (up to 8m) and higher vertical discretisation (up to 10 layers) including a dissociation between the treatment of water and heat fluxes. Associated with the soil vertical resolution, the vertical distribution of roots is also investigated. A new scheme that assumes a uniform root distribution with an associated maximum rooting depth is explored. The impact of these new configurations is assessed through surface offline simulations driven by the ERA5 meteorological forcing against in-situ and global products of energy, water and carbon fluxes with a particular focus on the diurnal cycle and extreme events in recent years.</p>

scholarly journals Will the conversion of evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests to Chinese fir plantations affect the transportation of soil water?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
qi Chen ◽  
Yuanqiu Liu ◽  
Jiahui Huang ◽  
Yunhong Xie ◽  
Tianjun Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Mixed Forests

The conversion of natural forests to planted forests has become a global trend, and the practice has wide-ranging effects on soil. This study aimed to explore the differences in soil water movement after the conversion of evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests (natural forest, NF) to Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolate (Lamb.) Hook.) plantations (CFP, 20–21 years old). Soil samples from five layers (0–5, 5–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–50 cm) were collected from NF and CFP before and after rainfall event in the Peng Chongjian watershed, Jiangxi Province. The physical properties of the soils, including the mean and coefficient of variation (CV) of soil moisture content and the soil particle composition, were determined in both forest types. The δD of soil water and the litter water-holding capacity were also measured. The results showed that the variation ranges of moisture content in each soil layer after the rainfall was 21.13%–49.40% in CFP and 21.33%–43.87% in NF. There were no significant differences in soil bulk density or porosity; the clay and silt contents were significantly increased in topsoil, while the sand was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). After the rainfall, soil water in CFP responded more promptly than NF. In the process of infiltration, the contribution of rainfall to soil moisture gradually decreased with increasing soil depth. Topsoil (0–5 cm) in NF responded promptly to rainfall, but the response showed a lag effect with the increase of soil depth. With the extension of infiltration time, the contribution of precipitation to deep soil gradually increased. The results showed that the soil did not degrade after the conversion of NF to CFP, a significant guiding result for plantation cultivation.

scholarly journals Simulation of Soil Water Evaporation during Freeze–Thaw Periods under Different Straw Mulch Thickness Conditions

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2003
Author(s):  
Junfeng Chen ◽  
Yizhao Wei ◽  
Xiping Zhao ◽  
Jing Xue ◽  
Shuyuan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Straw Mulching ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Thaw Period ◽  
Semi Arid

Straw mulching is an effective agricultural technology to reduce soil water loss in arid and semi-arid areas. Herein, the soil temperature and soil water content of bare land (LD) and 5 cm (JG5), 10 cm (JG10), 15 cm (JG15), 20 cm (JG20) and 30 cm (JG30) straw mulch thicknesses were measured through field experiments performed to assess the soil water evaporation using the simultaneous heat and water model during a freeze–thaw period. The results showed that the inhibiting effect of straw mulching on soil water evaporation during the freeze-thaw period reached 24–56.7%, and straw mulch reduced the range of daily soil water evaporation by 2.02–2.48 mm, the effects of random factors on the daily soil water evaporation were significantly decreased. The highest soil water evaporation rate occurs during the unstable freezing stage, and the lowest occurs during the stable freezing stage. When the straw mulch thickness exceeded 10 cm, the effect of increasing straw mulch thickness on daily soil water evaporation was reduced. The straw mulch layer could not completely inhibit the effect of the external environment on soil water evaporation even when the straw mulch thickness was increased to 30 cm. This research results can provide a basis for the scientific evaluation and prevention of soil water evaporation in arid and semi-arid areas.

Soil Column to Demonstrate Soil-Water Movement

1998 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crile Doscher ◽  
James M. Hamlett ◽  
Christopher J. Duffy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Water Movement
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