Presence and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in surface water and drinking water

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 2143-2148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Great Depth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Public ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
State Of The Science

Trace amounts of pharmaceuticals have been detected in surface waters in the nano- to microgram per liter range, and in drinking water in the nanogram/L range. The environmental risks of pharmaceuticals in surface waters have been evaluated and generally found to be low if the wastewater is treated before release to the environment. The human health risks of trace amounts of pharmaceuticals in drinking water have however not been evaluated in any great depth. Preliminary screening level assessments suggest risk to be low – but the public and decision-makers are concerned and would like the matter investigated more thoroughly, especially with regards to mixture effects, chronic long-term effects and sensitive sub-populations. The World Health Organization is currently evaluating the need for credible health based guidance associated with low concentrations of pharmaceuticals in drinking water. The aim of this paper is to summarize the state-of-the-science and the ongoing international debate on the topic.

scholarly journals PSYCHOLOGICAL RECURRENCES AND INTERVENTION PROPOSAL FOR PATIENTS FOLLOWING BARIATRIC SURGERY

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Aída M. Reséndiz Barragán ◽  
Mariana A. Sierra Murguía
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Behavioral Group ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Post Bariatric Surgery

Obesity has been declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an epidemic, due to a growth trend in obesity rates over the past 60 years and it is estimated that by 2015 there will be approximately 2.3 billion overweighed adults and 700 million obese adults worldwide. Bariatric surgery has shown to be the most effective intervention for the treatment of severe obesity with better long-term results. While most post-operative patients of bariatric surgery show improvement in psychopathology and quality of life, psychological recurrences have been identified thereafter. It has been reported that for people who have not been able to implement changes in their lifestyle, the result of the operation may not be optimal and may even be counterproductive with undesirable outcomes, such as recovery of lost weight, malnutrition, depression and anxiety, as well as using food as a soothing agent to stressful stimuli, present failures in following the diet, as well as dissatisfaction with the staff of the clinic In recent years the number of bariatric surgeries performed annually has tripled showing a tendency to continue increasing, psychosocial and behavioral factors play a fundamental role in the long- term effects of the surgery; for this reason, the objective of this study is to describe the main psychological recurrences after bariatric surgery as well as a proposal for post-surgical cognitive behavioral group psychological support. Key words: bariatric surgery, obesity, post bariatric surgery, psychological intervention.

scholarly journals Synthesis of iron oxyhydroxide-coated rice straw (IOC-RS) and its application in arsenic(V) removal from water

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 726-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor W. K. Ouédraogo ◽  
Erol Pehlivan ◽  
Hien T. Tran ◽  
Yvonne L. Bonzi-Coulibaly ◽  
Dieter Zachmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
World Health ◽  
Iron Oxyhydroxide ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Equilibrium Data ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Batch Data ◽  
Better Than

Because of the recognition that arsenic (As) at low concentrations in drinking water causes severe health effects, the technologies of As removal have become increasingly important. In this study, a simplified and effective method was used to immobilize iron oxyhydroxide onto a pretreated naturally occurring rice straw (RS). The modified RS adsorbent was characterized, using scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyzer, and surface area analyzer. Experimental batch data of As(V) adsorption were modeled by the isotherms and kinetics models. Although all isotherms, the Langmuir model fitted the equilibrium data better than Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich models and confirmed the surface homogeneity of adsorbent. The iron oxyhydroxide-coated rice straw (IOC-RS) was found to be effective for the removal of As(V) with 98.5% sorption efficiency at a concentration of <50 mg/L of As(V) solution, and thus maximum uptake capacity is ∼22 and 20 mg As(V)/g of IOC-RS at pH 4 and 6, respectively. The present study might provide new avenues to achieve the As concentrations required for drinking water recommended by the World Health Organization.

scholarly journals Laparoscopic endocystectomy in patients with liver echinococcosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-143
Author(s):  
T E Mukantayev
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Recurrence Risk ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Early Complications ◽  
Cyst Size ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Health Organization

Aim. To evaluate the efficiency and to review the indications for laparoscopic endocystectomy in liver echinococcosis.Methods. The results of laparoscopic endocystectomy in 86 patients treated for liver echinococcosis compared to cystectomy by laparotomy in 159 patients are presented.Results. Optimal characteristics for laparoscopic endocystectomy were types CL, CE1-CE3 of cystic echinococcosis according to cystic echinococcosis ultrasonic classification by H.A. Gharbi (1981) modified by World Health Organization (2003) with cysts localized in 2-6 liver segments; partial superficial location of cysts; cyst size not less than 5 cm; no cysts in 1, 7 and 8 liver segments or deeply located cysts of any size, as well as cysts of CE4-CE5 types. Of the 86 cases in which laparoscopic endocystectomy was completed successfully, in 4 patients the surgery was continued by a laparotomy access. The reasons for the continuation with laparotomy were unsuccessful attempts for stable hemostasis at resection of liver fibrous capsule excesses (1 case), presence of large fistula between the cyst and components of the biliary system at the bottom of the fibrous cavity (2 patients), and location of the second cyst in the segment unavailable for laparoscopic manipulation (1 case). The frequency of early complications after laparoscopic endocystectomy was 15.1% (p=0.23). Relapse occurred in 1 (1.2%) patient (p=0.23). Comparative assessment of echinococcosis recurrence risk in different periods (Kaplan-Meier analysis) after laparoscopic interventions and laparotomy, both followed by albendazole treatment, did not identify any statistically significant differences.Conclusion. The early and long-term effects of laparoscopic endocystectomy in liver echinococcosis are not inferior to conventional laparotomy if indications are strictly followed.

scholarly journals DRINKING WATER POLLUTION IN INDIA - A CHALLENGE FOR HUMAN HEALTH

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (9SE) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Anjana Jain
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Public ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization

According to the latest report of the World Health Organization, 7 lakh 83 thousand people die due to polluted water every year in India. The main challenge of the Government of India is to provide clean water to the public. Therefore, in the study presented, an attempt has been made to know why there is pollution of drinking water, what types of diseases are caused by this polluted water, d. An attempt has been made to know its negative effects and pure drinking water treatment. The data and facts have been compiled on a secondary basis. विष्व स्वास्थ संगठन की ताजा रिपोर्ट के अनुसार भारत में प्रतिवर्ष 7 लाख 83 हजार लोग प्रदूषित जल की वजह से मरते है। जनता को साफ पानी पहुचाना भारत सरकार की मुख्य चुनौति है। अतः प्रस्तुत अध्ययन में यह जानने का प्रयास किया गया है कि पेयजल प्रदुषण क्यों होता है घ् इस प्रदूषित जल से किस प्रकार की बीमारियाँ उत्पन्न होती है घ् इसके नकारात्मक प्रभाव एवं शुध्द पेयजल उपचार को जानने का प्रयास किया गया है। आंकड़ो व तथ्यों का संकलन द्वितीयक आधार पर किया गया है।

scholarly journals Health Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets in the Control of Malaria in Endemic Regions, Revised

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1631-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebere C. Anyanwu ◽  
John E. Ehiri ◽  
Ijeoma Kanu ◽  
Joav Merrick
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Mosquito Nets ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
Tropical Areas ◽  
Health Organization

The endemicity of malaria in tropical areas of the world persists, especially in countries south of Saharan Africa. The efforts and concerns invested by the World Health Organization and other health agencies to eradicate malaria are commendable. However, in spite of all these efforts, the loss in economic and human resources continues. In a previous report, the long-term health effects of insecticide-impregnated bednet (IIBN) use were highlighted with the expectation of attracting serious thoughts and further research on the issue. This present paper is an update on that expectation. Results from a comprehensive literature search show that not much work has been done on the effects of long-term exposure to IIBNs in combating malarial infection. The efficacy of IIBNs is not in question. What is in question is whether long-term exposure to IIBNs have any health effects. The aims and outcomes of the research found in the literature on the subject to date seem to support only the efficacy of the temporal use of plain bednets, but not the use of IIBNs, and do not tell much about the long-term effects of IIBN exposure. All pesticides are toxic by nature and present risks of adverse effects. While there is agreement that IIBNs can be effective in reducing malarial morbidity and mortality under field trials, a number of factors relating to their long-term-exposure health effects have yet to be determined. Further reliable research projects are recommended urgently. However, some of the anticipated behavioral effects caused by insecticidal use will be avoided by the use of untreated nets instead.

scholarly journals To conform or not to conform? Legal norms and human behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Delmastro
Keyword(s):  
Essential Elements ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Consumption Choices ◽  
Western Democracy ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Multidisciplinary Perspective ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Efficacy is one of the essential elements of laws and norms. In this paper I focus on the so-called “primary efficacy of legal norms, by measuring the level of compliance of citizens with norms introduced to counter the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, this analysis is carried out on Italy which was the first western democracy to face the pandemic and its effects. However, the norms considered take on a more general significance, since they mostly derive from the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations and were introduced widespread. To gather relevant data on citizens compliance with the norms, geographical factors, psychological characteristics and (mis)information consumption choices, we adopt a multidisciplinary perspective combining a traditional consumer survey with an experiment design focused on individual mood and perceptions. The results of the analysis allow to evaluate the expected short- and long-term effects of the norms, both with reference to those posed to combat the pandemic, and to social norms more generally.

scholarly journals Comparison for the Effectiveness of Column Purified Fractions of Allium cepa Bulbs and Allium sativum Cloves against Bulinus globosus (Intermediate Host of Urinary Schistosomiasis) in Sokoto, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
J. Suleiman ◽  
Kiran Singh ◽  
A. Y. Bala ◽  
M. T. Muhammad ◽  
A. Abdullahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bulinus Globosus ◽  
Health Organization

Synthetic molluscicides widely used for the control of urinary schistosomiasis are expensive, toxic to non-target organisms, not available and may have deleterious long-term effects in the environment. The aim of this research is to compare the efficacy of column purified fractions of Allium cepa and Allium sativum against Bulinus globosus specimens (intermediate host of urinary schistosomiasis) under laboratory conditions as an increment for the cheaper, non-toxic, available way of controlling urinary schistosomiasis. Extracts were obtained using cold maceration method with methanol as a polar solvent; column purification was achieved using silica gel (stationary phase) while ethyl acetate and n-hexane (mobile phase); thirteen fractions were collected from each plant and each fraction contained 10ml of the eluent; the fractions were left open for 48 hours for evaporation of the solvents. Experiments were performed according to the methodology described by the World Health Organization for molluscicidal activity tests; each treatment was replicated three times; mortality was recorded after each 24 hours up to 96 hours. The results showed that; A. sativum was more effective against B. globosus as compared with A. cepa with statistical significant difference (P<0.05) and LC50 were 15.60mg/l and 19.37mg/l for the efficacy of A. cepa and A. sativum respectively. It was concluded that, although, A. cepa purified fractions are more effective than A. sativum against B. globosus, both of the plants species may be helpful in snail control at acceptable doses since the plant extracts caused mortality of the snail.

scholarly journals Developing indicators for evaluation of age-friendly communities in Canada: process and results

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 214-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Orpana ◽  
M. Chawla ◽  
E. Gallagher ◽  
E. Escaravage
Keyword(s):  
Health Agency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Collective Impact ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Global Age ◽  
Key Policy ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
User Friendly

Introduction In 2006, the World Health Organization launched the Global Age-Friendly Cities Project to support active aging. Canada has a large number of age-friendly initiatives; however, little is known about the effectiveness and outcomes of age-friendly community (AFC) initiatives. In addition, stakeholders report that they lack the capacity and tools to develop and conduct evaluations of their AFC initiatives. In order to address these gaps, the Public Health Agency of Canada developed indicators to support the evaluation of AFC initiatives relevant to a wide range of Canadian communities. These indicators meet the varied needs of communities, but are not designed to evaluate collective impact or enable crosscommunity comparisons. Methods An evidence-based, iterative consultation approach was used to develop indicators for AFCs. This involved a literature review and an environmental scan. Two rounds of key expert and stakeholder consultations were conducted to rate potential indicators according to their importance, actionability and feasibility. A final list of indicators and potential measures were developed based on results from these consultations, as well as key policy considerations. Results Thirty-nine indicators emerged across eight AFC domains plus four indicators related to long-term health and social outcomes. All meet the intended purpose of evaluating AFC initiatives at the community level. A user-friendly guide is available to support and share this work. Conclusion The AFC indicators can help communities evaluate age-friendly initiatives, which is the final step in completing a cycle of the Pan-Canadian AFC milestones. Communities are encouraged to use the evaluation results to improve their AFC initiatives, thereby benefiting a broad range of Canadians.

scholarly journals Overview of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Public Pipe Borne Water and Its Safety Implications for the Communities in Abuja Metropolis North-Central Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Isaac Madueke Nwaedozie ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
The Public

Heavy Metals (HM) are relatively dense metal or metalloid noted for its potential toxicity in the environment and these metals appear in the World Health Organization List of Chemicals of public health concern. Long-term exposure to HMs have been linked to slowly progressing physical, muscular and neurological degenerative processes in human that mimic Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, liver and kidney failures as well as alterations in gene expressions. This study assessed the concentration of some HM in public water supply in Abuja Metropolis from 2015 to 2016 with the view to determining its overall percentage compliance with the WHO(2008) recommended limits for drinking water quality . The HMs selected were aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn). A representative water samples from the six locations within the study area were collected and analyzed according to the Standard Methods and Procedures. Sampling regime took place three (3) times in each sampling month from which the monthly and annual mean values were obtained and analyzed statistically. The result indicated the following mean concentrations Al (0.61±0.13mg/l), Fe (0.21±0.06mg/l), Pb (ND), Cr (ND), and Mn (0.03±0.03mg/l). The overall average percentage compliance WHO limits were Al (70.60%, Fe (85%), Pb (100%), Cr (100%) & Mn (91%) respectively. The results revealed that all the selected HMs concentration in the public drinking water within the period were within the WHO recommended aluminum concentration that was slightly above the recommended limit of 0.20mg/l. The study recommended for limit except a substitute of aluminum sulphate in public water treatment and also concluded that the selected HMs concentrations in the public water supply in Abuja Metropolis within the period were in compliance with the WHO quality for safe drinking water and therefore safe for human consumption. However, concern was raised for its aluminum level and possible health implications on long-term exposure particularly the aged population.

scholarly journals An Assessment of the Smart COVID-19 Approach to Lockdown and its Empirical Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Ghaffar ◽  
Mubbasher Munir ◽  
Osama Aziz ◽  
Rada Alhajj ◽  
Asif Sanaullah
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Second Wave

COVID-19 is a new and contagious disease that has changed human lifestyle and habits globally according to the directions provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). Until some authentic remedy or vaccine becomes available, every country is providing instructions to its public to follow precautionary measures. These measures may include lockdown, social distancing, restricting movement, and educating public about COVID-19. Lockdown is the most applied and successful way to control the virus spread and it remains helpful in curtailing the spike. However, it adversely affects developing countries like Pakistan. All types of lockdown disrupt the life of the poor and the middle class. In this paper, an intelligent-smart approach is suggested for developing countries as against complete lockdown to handle the pandemic. This approach will show the long-term results needed for controlling COVID-19 without creating any major disturbance in the economy. In this paper, evidence based approaches were used to evaluate the short-term and long-term effects of the daily increasing number of cases of COVID-19 in Pakistan. The results showed that Sindh, which has the maximum number of COVID-19 cases, is better in implementing smart lockdown as compared to other administrative regions of Pakistan. As the risk of the second wave of COVID-19 is enhanced, it would be effective to continue the intelligent-smart approach with mild SOPs to avoid the disastrous effects of COVID-19 in the future. Received Date: May 14, 2020, Last Received:  December 10, 2020 Acceptance:  December  25, 2020  

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