Toxicity evaluation of herbal pharmaceutical wastewater to the freshwater crustacean Cypris spp.

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 1441-1445 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Sitre ◽  
S. Satyanarayan
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Toxicity Evaluation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Wastewater ◽  
Complex Type ◽  
Freshwater Crustacean ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Receiving Water

In India a large number of pharmaceutical industries are manufacturing drugs of complex type subsequently producing huge quantities of wastewaters. The herbal pharmaceutical industries are one of them which manufacture various herbal medicines from natural products and certain chemicals and metal combinations. During their manufacturing process a large number of toxicants enter the watercourse harming the biota of the receiving water bodies. Zooplankton organisms being at the base of the food chain if affected, will subsequently affect the fisheries potential at large, harming the interest of man. Keeping this point in view a herbal pharmaceutical manufacturing industry based at Nagpur was selected for investigation with respect to assessing its toxic effect on the freshwater crustacean Cypris spp. during short duration toxicity tests. This research paper discusses in detail the bioassay evaluation of raw, neutralized and physico-chemically treated herbal pharmaceutical effluent for arriving at a concentration safe for the Cypris spp.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY BIOSORPTION USING GENETIC ALGORITHM

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Ola Belal Hasan Abdallah ◽  
Priy Brat Dwivedi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Model Equation ◽  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
Pharmaceutical Wastewater ◽  
Design Expert ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Percentage Removal ◽  
Optimized Conditions

Purpose of the study: Optimizing the process of pharmaceutical wastewater treatment by biosorption using a genetic algorithm. Methodology: The main steps followed were, determination of the wavelength at maximum absorbance (λmax), drawing the calibration curve between the absorbance and the concentration of diclofenac sodium, designing the experiment using Design-Expert software, finding the percentage removal of diclofenac sodium for each run, obtaining the model equation of the analysis, finding the optimized condition using genetic algorithm in MATLAB software, running the experiment at the optimized conditions and analyzing the results. Main Findings: The technique used in the optimizing process was effective, in which the percentage removal was obtained as 8.73% at the optimized conditions. It was equivalent to 3.43 mg removal / g of activated carbon. Applications of this study: This technique can be applied in different industries especially the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Novelty/Originality of this study: Using genetic algorithm in order to find the optimized condition of removing diclofenac sodium based on a set of data.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of COD Removal Efficacy from Pharmaceutical Wastewater by Areca Nut Husk Produced and Commercially Available Activated Carbons

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Sharmin Akter ◽  
Ferdousi Sultana ◽  
Md. Rakibul Kabir ◽  
Partha Pratim Brahma ◽  
Atkeeya Tasneem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Areca Nut ◽  
Pharmaceutical Wastewater ◽  
Adsorption Processes ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Pharmaceutical industries in Bangladesh are considered as one major industrial as well as environmental pollution problems which discharge a significant amount of organic contaminants in the environment hence require advanced treatment technologies to decontaminate pharmaceutical wastewater. In the present investigation, areca nut husk treated activated carbon (ANHC) was used as an adsorbent to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD) from pharmaceutical effluent as well as a comparative adsorption efficiency with commercial activated carbon (CAC) was performed.  The batch experiments were carried out in a laboratory scale. The materials also evaluated for different adsorbent dosages and contact times. The experiment revealed a removal percentage up to 70% for ANHC and 90% for CAC for 3g of adsorbents in 180 min. The adsorption processes were satisfactorily described by pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model which shows a better fitting with the maximum regression coefficient for both adsorbents. The results show that Langmuir model best described the experimental data with a highest correlation coefficient (R2=0.9856 for ANHC and 0.9993 for CAC) compared to Freundlich model and the experimental data showed asorption capacity of 36.549 and 64.935 mg/g for ANHC and CAC, correspondingly. According to the adsorption studies, the results revealed that COD adsorption process followed by the monolayer chemisorption mechanisms. The results revealed that ANHC adsorbent is potentially low cost and environmental friendly adsorbent for the removal of organic matter from pharmaceutical effluent.

scholarly journals A Review of the Applications of OCT for Analysing Pharmaceutical Film Coatings

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hungyen Lin ◽  
Zijian Zhang ◽  
Daniel Markl ◽  
J. Zeitler ◽  
Yaochun Shen
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ◽  
Film Coatings ◽  
Thin Film Coatings ◽  
Topical Review ◽  
Non Destructive

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has recently attracted a lot of interest in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry as a fast, contactless and non-destructive modality for quantifying thin film coatings on pharmaceutical dosage forms, which cannot be resolved easily with other techniques. In this topical review, we present an overview of the research that has been performed to date, highlighting key differences between systems and outlining major challenges ahead.

scholarly journals Background Level of Pops in Ground Water Assessed on Chemical and Toxicity Analysis of Exposed Semipermeable Membrane Devices

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. ASWR.S2128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Kočí ◽  
Tomáš Ocelka ◽  
Roman Grabic
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Site ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
Semipermeable Membrane ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
General Level ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Toxicity Evaluation ◽  
Semipermeable Membrane Devices ◽  
Secondary Contamination

Persistent compounds are present around almost the entire world. The level of contamination in very old groundwater sources (Cennoman bedrock Mesozoic, approximately 100 millions year old) was assessed. This offers an information about realistic natural background. Together with chemical analysis a toxicity evaluation of sampled sites was performed. Semipermeable membrane devices were applied as a sampling system. Exposed SPMDs were analyzed both for chemical contain of POPs and toxicity properties. The chemical analyses of PAHs were made by HPLC-FLD, PCBs and OCPs were analysed by GC/MS/MS on GCQ or PolarisQ (Thermoquest). Toxicity bioassays on alga Desmodesmus subspicatus, bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustacean Daphnia magna was performed. The results show very low contamination of groundwater with POPs with concentrations close to detection limits of applied analytical tools. Even this low contamination was possible to rank based on the obtained toxicity data. Toxicity proved to be a good parameter for determination of relative POPs contamination where concentration is near to detection limits and thus correct determination of all POPs cannot be undertaken. Although contamination levels were found to be very low, a secondary contamination of PCBs through the bedrock was observed. Organochlorine pesticides were found at a sampling site near a mouth of the ground watershed. Applied toxicity tests confirmed the presence of toxic substances and marked sites of higher contamination. Application of toxicological parameter Vtox allowed the ranking of assessed sites by their contamination level even in cases where concentrations of pollutants were near or under detection limits and it was not therefore possible to rank the sites on the basis of chemical parameters. Toxicity response of bioassays obtained on SPMDs exposed in clean groundwater can be used as a background toxicity values for further SPMD applications. Secondary contamination with PCBs and pesticides was detected in Cennoman groundwater. Toxicity evaluation of SPMD extract can be used as an effective tool for ranking of general level of water contamination.

Deterrents to knowledge-sharing in the pharmaceutical industry: a case study

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athar Mahmood Ahmed Qureshi ◽  
Nina Evans
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Pharmaceutical Company ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type

Purpose – This study aims to explore deterrents to knowledge-sharing in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Effective knowledge-sharing is fundamental to stimulation of the process of knowledge absorption. The limited proximal communication between the employees in the pharmaceutical industry stifles their knowledge-sharing behaviour significantly. Design/methodology/approach – A cross-sectional case study, consisting of semi-structured interviews with managers and scientists, was conducted in a multinational pharmaceutical company in Australia. Respondents were asked to answer questions regarding their current knowledge-sharing practices and to identify organisational deterrents to knowledge-sharing. The data were condensed into themes according to the thematic analysis method. Findings – The pharmaceutical industry is extensively regulated and its excessive competitiveness is cultivating organisational reticence towards the development of a knowledge-sharing culture. Nine categories of deterrents to intra- (within) and inter-organisational (between organisations) knowledge-sharing have been identified. These categories include high cost of sharing knowledge, information technology limitations, knowledge-hiding, lack of socialisation, lack of trust culture, non-educational mindset, organisational politics, poor leadership and time pressure. Research limitations/implications – The population of this study consists of managers and practitioners working for a pharmaceutical company. Hence, the generalisability of the findings to other health-care settings is unknown. Practical implications – The findings have implications for leaders and managers who should be aware of these professional diversities, instigators as well as the ripple effects of limited knowledge-sharing to guide the organisation towards developing an optimal knowledge-sharing culture. Originality/value – A focussed investigation of knowledge-sharing behaviour within the pharmaceutical industry in Australia, considering the pressure applied to this industry over the past decade. This case study specifically focusses on the diversity of deterrents to knowledge-sharing in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry.

scholarly journals Recent Development of Quality Control Methods for Herbal Derived Drug Preparations

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1801301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunawan Indrayanto
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Chemical Marker ◽  
Chemical Profiling ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Microbial Toxins

Pharmaceutical industries should apply rigorous QC (quality control) to ensure the consistency, safety, and efficacy of their herbal derived drug-preparations. QC must be performed at every stage of the production line i.e. incoming raw materials, extractions, in-process control, finished products and keeping samples. Due to the complex nature of the chemical content of herbal drugs, two approaches to QC should be taken, that is quantitative determination of the selected marker(s) compound(s), and metabolite profiling. Contamination of herbal medicines by heavy metals, pesticides, toxic metabolites, microbial toxins, pathogenic microorganisms and other foreign matter should also be evaluated. A combination of chemical profiling and multivariate analysis (MVA) is recommended as the QC tool for the botanical identification method (BIM) of herbs, extracts, herb materials, and herbal drug preparations. Microscopic methods, DNA profiling or chemical marker(s) are not recommended for use as the sole BIM due to the lack of specificity. Only markers that meet certain criteria i.e. quality active (QA) markers can be utilized as a QC tool. The limit specification range of markers used as QC tools should be described in the analytical target profile (ATP). To gain reliable results of any analysis that has been performed at any QC laboratory, the analysis method must be validated according to the newest guidance. Sample detection limit of any toxic compound(s) should be lower than its cut-off value and MPL. The reliability of any results of analysis of a QC laboratory must be evaluated by using QC-samples for each series of measurements.

ComfortFreezer™: A Benchtop LN2–Free Programmable Freezer for Cryopreservation of Adherent Cells in Multi-Well Plates for Cell-Based High Content Screening

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Bockman ◽  
Igor I. Katkov ◽  
Stephen B. Jones ◽  
Vsevolod Katkov ◽  
Ilya Yakhnenko
Keyword(s):  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
High Content Screening ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Adherent Cells ◽  
Environmental Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Evaluation ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Dissociated Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and their progeny such as hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and neural cells hold great potential as a source for cell therapy and regenerative medicine, as well can be effectively used for high high content screening (HCS) of drug candidates and for toxicity tests. Cryopreservation (CP), storage, and shipment of the cells are key elements for eventual clinical, pharmaceutical and environmental applications, which will require large numbers of quality controlled and ready for use cells. Traditionally, the cells are frozen in suspensions of either fully dissociated cells) or loosely associated clusters such as clumps of hPSCs, clusters of beaters”of cardiomyocytes, (“or neurospheres of neural precursors. Beside logistical inconvenience for some applications such as HCS, additional manipulation with the cells (detachment, dissociation and centrifugation) can introduce substantial stress to the cells prior to freezing and after thawing, which per se may tremendously decrease the cell cryosurvival and functionality. Here, we are presenting ComfortFreezer™, a novel bench-top device specifically designed for cryopreservation in multi-well plates for cell-based high content screening (HCS), which combines a liquid-nitrogen (LN2) free programmable freezer This cryogenic equipemnt can bring serious advantage for HCS in drug screening, environmental toxicity evaluation, and other variety of HCS-based applications.

scholarly journals Tinjauan Pustaka : Teknik Pengujian Toksisitas Teratogenik Pada Obat Herbal

2020 ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Tri Mulyani ◽  
Cinta Ida Julianti ◽  
Rikkit Sihombing
Keyword(s):  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Testing Technique ◽  
General Toxicity ◽  
Bougainvillea Glabra ◽  
Dark Pink

Toxicity testing of natural ingredients used in raw materials for making herbal medicines needs to be done to ensure its safety. In general, toxicity tests are divided into 2 types namely general toxicity and specific toxicity. One specific toxicity test is the teratogenic test. Teratogenic testing is part of a special toxicity test that is intended to determine the toxic effect of a compound on the fetus or fetus. The writing of this journal aims to explain the teratogenic toxicity testing technique by referring to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 414 and OECD 236 on herbal medicines. Some examples of herbs used for testing teratogenic toxicity as studied by Lu E. The et al. On Bougainvillea glabra (Paper Flower) with the results of a study of water extracts in purple and dark pink, B. glabra bract is not toxic to embryos, except the pink type with LC 50 85.51 ?g / mL. then there is Mindi leaf (Melia azedarach L) which was investigated by Adisti erlina sutomo et al with the results of extracting at a dose of 3.22 mg / kg bw already causing teratogenic toxicity. And there are still some herbs that are used for teratogenic toxicity testing with mixed results.

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