Improving collected rainwater quality in rural communities

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 2395-2402 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Garrido ◽  
M. Aviles ◽  
A. Ramirez ◽  
A. Gonzalez ◽  
L. Montellano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Average Annual Precipitation ◽  
Rainwater Quality

The country of Mexico is facing serious problems with water quality and supply for human use and consumption in rural communities, mainly due to topographic and isolation. In Mexico the average annual precipitation is 1,500 cubic kilometers of water, if 3% of that amount were used, 13 million Mexicans could be supplied with drinking water that they currently do not have access. Considering the limited infrastructure and management in rural communities, which do not receive services from the centralized systems of large cities, a modified pilot multi-stage filtration (MMSF) system was designed, developed, and evaluated for treating collected rainwater in three rural communities, Ajuchitlan and Villa Nicolas Zapata (Morelos State) and Xacxamayo (Puebla State). The efficiencies obtained in the treatment system were: colour and turbidity >93%. It is worth mentioning that the water obtained for human use and consumption complies with the Mexican Standard NOM-127-SSA1-1994.

scholarly journals Water Quality in Selected Small Drinking Water Systems of Missouri Rural Communities

Beverages ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Hua ◽  
Ruipu Mu ◽  
Honglan Shi ◽  
Enos Inniss ◽  
John Yang
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Drinking Water Systems

scholarly journals Comparison of Different Bacteria Inactivation by a Novel Continuous-Flow Ultrasound/Chlorination Water Treatment System in a Pilot Scale

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huasheng Zou ◽  
Haoyuan Tang
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Dual Frequency ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Log Reduction

The existing traditional drinking water disinfection technology relies mainly on chlorine disinfection alone, which has high disinfection efficiency and can effectively inactivate most of the microorganisms in the water. However, it produces a series of harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs). Therefore, it is very necessary to study an efficient and environmentally friendly disinfection technology for drinking water. For this purpose, a novel continuous-flow ultrasound (US)/chlorination water treatment system was designed and developed. Escherichia coli (E. coli), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were selected as indicators of water treatment effects to (1) investigate the disinfection effects of different bacteria by US treatment alone at different single or dual frequencies; (2) explore the disinfection effects of US pretreatment with 8 mg/L NaClO on different bacteria to assess the promoting effects of US pretreatment; and (3) identify the optimum system process to satisfy the national standard for drinking water quality. Results showed that the dual-frequency US had better inactivation effects compared with single-frequency US, although it could not achieve an ideal disinfection level (complete disinfection). Further, 17 + 33 kHz dual-frequency US pretreatment had obvious enhancement of the disinfection efficiency, where 3.85 (E. coli), 3.65 (S. aureus), and 3.52 (B. subtilis) log reduction were achieved when 8 mg/L NaClO disinfection lasted 10 min, and finally all three bacteria achieved 4 log reduction after 30 min. Moreover, the treated water satisfied the Chinese national standard for drinking water quality, in which the residual chlorine concentration was below 4 mg/L. The utilization efficiency of disinfectant was improved approximately 40% by 17 + 33 kHz US pretreatment.

scholarly journals Assessing Drinking Water Quality at the Point of Collection and within Household Storage Containers in the Hilly Rural Areas of Mid and Far-Western Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2172 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Daniel ◽  
Arnt Diener ◽  
Jack van de Vossenberg ◽  
Madan Bhatta ◽  
Sara J. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Storage Containers

Accurate assessments of drinking water quality, household hygenic practices, and the mindset of the consumers are critical for developing effective water intervention strategies. This paper presents a microbial quality assessment of 512 samples from household water storage containers and 167 samples from points of collection (POC) in remote rural communities in the hilly area of western Nepal. We found that 81% of the stored drinking water samples (mean log10 of all samples = 1.16 colony-forming units (CFU)/100 mL, standard deviation (SD) = 0.84) and 68% of the POC samples (mean log10 of all samples = 0.57 CFU/100 mL, SD = 0.86) had detectable E. coli. The quality of stored water was significantly correlated with the quality at the POC, with the majority (63%) of paired samples showing a deterioration in quality post-collection. Locally applied household water treatment (HWT) methods did not effectively improve microbial water quality. Among all household sanitary inspection questions, only the presence of livestock near the water storage container was significantly correlated with its microbial contamination. Households’ perceptions of their drinking water quality were mostly influenced by the water’s visual appearance, and these perceptions in general motivated their use of HWT. Improving water quality within the distribution network and promoting safer water handling practices are proposed to reduce the health risk due to consumption of contaminated water in this setting.

A System for Treating Rainwater Collected for Human Use in Rural Communities in Mexico

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Garrido ◽  
M. Aviles ◽  
A. Ramirez ◽  
A. Gonzalez ◽  
L.A. Barrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
The State ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Rainwater Infiltration ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Hydraulic Infrastructure ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Filtration Technology

The northern area of the State of Morelos is facing serious problems with water supply for human use and consumption mainly due to geographic conditions and the type of subsoil that predominates in the area, which is made of permeable materials that allow rainwater infiltration to the impermeable layers (800-2342 mm year−1), more than 500 meters deep, making the extraction of this vital liquid difficult and costly. The aim of this project was to develop a system for the treatment of collected rainwater for the rural community Villa Nicolas Zapata in the State of Morelos, Mexico. Considering the limited hydraulic infrastructure and management in this community of 300 inhabitants, which does not receive services from the centralized water systems, a modified pilot multi-stage filtration (MMSF) system for producing drinking water for human use was selected, designed, built, and evaluated. The efficiencies obtained by this treatment system were: real color 96.3%, turbidity 98.0%, pH 6.5 and absence in total and fecal coliforms. The modified multi-stage filtration technology (MMSF) is suitable for treating collected rainwater, obtaining an effluent with water quality that complies with Mexican Official Standard NOM-127-SSA1-1994.

scholarly journals Community and household determinants of water quality in coastal Ghana

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen T. McGarvey ◽  
Justin Buszin ◽  
Holly Reed ◽  
David C. Smith ◽  
Zarah Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Behavioural Factors ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

Associations between water sources, socio-demographic characteristics and household drinking water quality are described in a representative sample of six coastal districts of Ghana's Central Region. Thirty-six enumeration areas (EAs) were randomly chosen from a representative survey of 90 EAs in rural, semi-urban and urban residence strata. In each EA, 24 households were randomly chosen for water quality sampling and socio-demographic interview. Escherichia coli per 100 ml H2O was quantified using the IDEXX Colilert® system and multi-stage regression models estimated cross-sectional associations between water sources, sanitation and socio-demographic factors. Almost three quarters, 74%, of the households have >2 E. coli /100 ml H2O. Tap water has significantly lower E. coli levels compared with surface or rainwater and well water had the highest levels. Households with a water closet toilet have significantly lower E. coli compared with those using pit latrines or no toilets. Household size is positively associated, and a possessions index is negatively associated, with E. coli. Variations in community and household socio-demographic and behavioural factors are key determinants of drinking water quality. These factors should be included in planning health education associated with investments in water systems.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of a Risk-Based Intervention on Piped Water Quality in Rural Communities: The Case of Mid-Western Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorian Tosi Robinson ◽  
Ariane Schertenleib ◽  
Bal Kunwar ◽  
Rubika Shrestha ◽  
Madan Bhatta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Microbial Water Quality ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
The Impact

Ensuring universal access to safe drinking water is a global challenge, especially in rural areas. This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of a risk-based strategy to improve drinking water safety for five gravity-fed piped schemes in rural communities of the Mid-Western Region of Nepal. The strategy was based on establishing community-led monitoring of the microbial water quality and the sanitary status of the schemes. The interventions examined included field-robust laboratories, centralized data management, targeted infrastructure improvements, household hygiene and filter promotion, and community training. The results indicate a statistically significant improvement in the microbial water quality eight months after intervention implementation, with the share of taps and household stored water containers meeting the international guidelines increasing from 7% to 50% and from 17% to 53%, respectively. At the study endline, all taps had a concentration of <10 CFU Escherichia coli/100 mL. These water quality improvements were driven by scheme-level chlorination, improved hygiene behavior, and the universal uptake of household water treatment. Sanitary inspection tools did not predict microbial water quality and, alone, are not sufficient for decision making. Implementation of this risk-based water safety strategy in remote rural communities can support efforts towards achieving universal water safety.

scholarly journals Challenges to Sustainable Safe Drinking Water: A Case Study of Water Quality and Use across Seasons in Rural Communities in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Edokpayi ◽  
Elizabeth Rogawski ◽  
David Kahler ◽  
Courtney Hill ◽  
Catherine Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Safe Drinking Water

Rainwater Quality from Different Roof Catchments

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 291-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Thomas ◽  
G. R. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Rainfall Event ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Water Quality Analysis ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Rainwater Quality

A water quality analysis of rainwater collected from different roof catchments in rural, urban and industrial areas was conducted to determine its suitability for domestic purposes. Examination of the collected rainwater samples indicated that the bacterial quality was poor, and the physical and chemical qualities varied between each area and between each site. Rainwater from industrial area roof catchments had lead concentrations averaging two-fold higher than the WHO drinking water guidelines and also had high levels of turbidity, suspended solids and zinc. Water collected from rural area roof catchments had a higher concentration of nitrates and a slightly higher pH. Although lead was detected in urban area roof catchments, concentrations were not as high as the concentrations in the industrial area. The different roof types had an influence on the rainwater quality with zinc concentrations higher in galvanised iron roof catchments, while pH, conductivity and turbidity levels were higher in concrete tile roof catchments. The pollution of rainwater collected from roof catchments was mainly due to the diffused pollution from atmospheric deposition, and the number of dry days preceding a rainfall event affected the collected rainwater quality.

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