The removal of disinfection by-product precursors from water with ceramic membranes

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. I. Harman ◽  
H. Koseoglu ◽  
N. O. Yigit ◽  
E. Sayilgan ◽  
M. Beyhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Ceramic Membrane ◽  
Uv Absorbance ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Model Solutions ◽  
Uf Membranes

The main objective of this work was to investigate the effectiveness of ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with different pore sizes in removing natural organic matter (NOM) from model solutions and drinking water sources. A lab-scale, cross-flow ceramic membrane test unit was used in all experiments. Two different single-channel tubular ceramic membrane modules were tested with average pore sizes of 4 and 10 nm. The impacts of membrane pore size and pressure on permeate flux and the removals of UV280 nm absorbance, specific UV absorbance (SUVA280 nm), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were determined. Prior to experiments with model solutions and raw waters, clean water flux tests were conducted. UV280 absorbance reductions ranged between 63 and 83% for all pressures and membranes tested in the raw water. More than 90% of UV280 absorbance reduction was consistently achieved with both membranes in the model NOM solutions. Such high UV absorbance reductions are advantageous due to the fact that UV absorbing sites of NOM are known to be one of the major precursors to disinfection by-products (DBP) such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. For both UF membranes, the ranges of DOC removals in the raw water and model NOM solutions were 55–73% and 79–91%, respectively. SUVA280 value of the raw water decreased from 2 to about 1.5 L/mg-m by both membranes. For the model solutions, SUVA280 values were consistently reduced to ≤1 L/mg-m levels after membrane treatment. As the SUVA280 value of the NOM source increased, the extent of SUVA280 reduction and DOC removal by the tested ceramic UF membranes also increased. The results overall indicated that ceramic UF membranes, especially the one with 4 nm average pore size, appear to be effective in removing organic matter and DBP precursors from drinking water sources with relatively high and sustainable permeate flux values.

scholarly journals Preparation of a Zirconia-Based Ceramic Membrane and Its Application for Drinking Water Treatment

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 933
Author(s):  
Mohamed Boussemghoune ◽  
Mustapha Chikhi ◽  
Fouzia Balaska ◽  
Yasin Ozay ◽  
Nadir Dizge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ceramic Membrane ◽  
Slip Casting ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Filtration Time ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Total Coliforms

This work concerns the preparation of a mineral membrane by the slip casting method based on zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and kaolin. The membrane support is produced from a mixture of clay (kaolin) and calcium carbonate (calcite) powders using heat treatment (sintering). Membrane and support characterization were performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Raman Spectroscopy. The prepared mineral membrane was tested to treat drinking water obtained from different zones of the El Athmania (Algeria) water station (raw, coagulated, decanted, and bio filtered water). Experimental parameters such as permeate flux, turbidity, and total coliforms were monitored. The results showed that the mineral membrane was mainly composed of SiO2 and Al2O3 and the outer surface, which represented the membrane support, was much more porous than the inner surface where the membrane was deposited. The permeate flux of the raw water decreased with filtration time, due to a rejection of the organic matters contained in the raw water. Moreover, the absence of total coliforms in the filtrate and the increase in concentration in the concentrate indicate that the prepared mineral membrane can be used for drinking water treatment.

Investigation Into the Crossflow Microfiltration Process Utilizing Ceramic Membrane Applied to Bacteria Reduction and Clarifying of Ac¸ai Juice

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Natsumi Haneda ◽  
Se´rgio Rodriques Fontes
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Ceramic Membrane ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Polymeric Membrane ◽  
Euterpe Oleracea ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Crossflow Microfiltration

This paper reports the results of the crossflow microfiltration process applied to the reduction of bacteria and retention of particles in suspension of ac¸ai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) juice. A commercial membrane of α-alumina (Al2O3) in the form of a tube with 1.2μm of average pore size was utilized to investigate the reduction of the bacteria of ac¸ai juice without using high temperatures (pasteurization). This pore size of the ceramic structure was utilized in an attempt to reduce the polarization phenomenon and improve the permeate flux without utilizing the usual enzymatic treatment made in the microfiltration processes that utilize polymeric membrane (Cianci et al., 2005 and Ushikubo et al., 2006). An anthocyanin concentration was also observed during the microfiltration process followed by suspended particles retention as an indicator of ac¸ai juice clarifying. The Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) was utilized as an essential tool to characterize the morphology of the ceramic micro porous structure and to evaluate the formation of a polarization layer on the membrane surface, while the Optical Microscopy was used to analyze the difference in the characteristics between samples of concentrate and permeate.

Suspended particles in the drinking water of two distribution systems

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Gauthier ◽  
B. Barbeau ◽  
R. Millette ◽  
J.-C. Block ◽  
M. Prévost
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Suspended Particles ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Remote Locations ◽  
Dissolved Matter

The concentrations of suspended particles were measured in the drinking water of two distribution systems, and the nature of these particles documented. The concentrations of particulate matter were invariably found to be small (maximum 350 μg/L). They are globally in the very low range in comparison with dissolved matter concentrations, which are measured in several hundreds of mg/L. Except during special water quality events, such as turnover of the raw water resource, results show that organic matter represents the most important fraction of suspended solids (from 40 to 76%) in treated and distributed water. Examination of the nature of the particles made it possible to develop several hypotheses about the type of particles penetrating Montreal's distribution system during the turnover period (algae skeleton, clays). These particles were found to have been transported throughout the distribution systems quite easily, and this could result in the accumulation of deposits if their surface charge were ever even slightly destabilised, or if the particles were to penetrate the laminar flow areas that are fairly typical of remote locations in distribution systems.

Natural organic matter from catchment to drinking water: a case study of Pori waterworks, Finland

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 681-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Szabo ◽  
I. Lindfors ◽  
T. Tuhkanen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Lake Waters ◽  
Molecular Weight Fractions ◽  
Uv And Fluorescence Detection

In this study Natural organic matter (NOM) characteristics and variations of catchment samples (brooks and collector lakes) from Western Finland, and drinking water produced from the same catchment were examined. Seasonal and spatial NOM variations were followed by means of DOC and HPLC-SEC with UV and fluorescence detection. NOM decreased from drains to lakes by 35 to 75% and from drains to drinking water by 73 to 94%. Drains had a higher NOM content in summer and a lower NOM content in winter and spring. Lakes showed inverse patterns and had a higher NOM content in winter and spring and a lower NOM content in summer. HPLC-SEC separated 8 molecular weight fractions. In drains the HMW fractions represented up to 80% of the NOM, in lake waters HMW fractions accounted for 50 to 70% of the NOM. In drinking water IMW fractions dominated. Increased NOM in raw water during winter was associated with increased IMW fractions and the appearance of HMW fractions in drinking water, DOC increasing from 1.4 mg C/L in summer to 5.8 mg C/L in winter. SPH-Tryptophan correlated with the dissolved organic nitrogen and DOC of the samples. The drain affected by agriculture generally presented higher SPH-Tryptophan values than the unaffected drain.

scholarly journals Cold Sterilization of Coconut Water Using Membrane Filtration: Effect of Membrane Property and Operating Condition

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Laorko ◽  
Z. Li ◽  
W. Youravong ◽  
S. Tongjitpakdee ◽  
S. Chantachum
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Coconut Water ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Fouling Resistance ◽  
Membrane Pore ◽  
Uf Membranes

Coconut water has been considered as a nutritional, refreshing and highly isotonic beverage with delicate aroma and flavor. In food sterilization technique, thermal processing, however tends to reduce these beneficial properties especially estrogen hormone and flavor. To overcome this limitation, this study therefore aimed to clarified and sterilized coconut water using non–thermal processing, membrane filtration. Hollow fiber microfiltration (MF) membrane with pore size of 0.1 and 0.2 μm and ultrafiltration (UF) membrane with molecular weight cut–off (MWCO) of 100 and 30 kDa were used. The effect of membrane pore size and MWCO on quality of clarified juice, permeate flux and fouling were studied. It was found that fresh coconut water and clarified coconut water obtained from MF and UF did not show difference in pH, total soluble solid, reducing sugar, estrogen hormone and minerals including calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium. The results from microbiological analysis of the clarified coconut water showed that sterilized of coconut water was obtained using either MF or UF membranes. This microbiological quality of clarified coconut water was met the Thai legislation for juice and drinks. The permeate flux of MF was much higher than those of UF while the fouling resistance of UF membrane was much higher than those of MF membrane. The permeate flux of membrane with pore size of 0.1 £gm was slightly lower than that of membrane with pore size of 0.2 μm. The results also indicated that the major fouling of both MF and UF membranes was reversible. The irreversible fouling resistance of 0.1 μm membrane was the lowest and most of this irreversible fouling was external irreversible fouling, formed on the membrane surface. According to these results, it could be concluded that 0.1 μm membrane was the most suitable membrane for clarification and sterilization of coconut water. In addition, the effects of TMP, cross flow velocity (CFV) and the % recovery on permeate flux in batch concentration mode were also studied. It was found that the permeate flux of 0.1 μm membrane was significantly increased with increasing CFV and decreased as % recovery increased. These results suggested that permeate flux during MF of coconut water was dependent on reversible fouling and could be improved by using hydrodynamic modification techniques.

Analysis of Physical Properties and Experimental Behaviour of High Turbulent Flow in Cross-Flow Microfiltration of Ac¸ai Juice

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Natsumi Haneda ◽  
Se´rgio Rodrigues Fontes
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Rheological Behaviour ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Euterpe Oleracea ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Flow Behaviour Index ◽  
Transmembrane Flux

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the cross-flow microfiltration process applied to the clarifying of ac¸ai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) juice. Ac¸ai juice is a complex fluid, similar to a suspension of particles (fibers and cellulose) mixed in water, which contains ions of iron, zinc, maganese and pigments, as anthocyanins. In this study, a commercial membrane of α-alumina (Al2O3) in the form of a tube with 1.2μm of average pore size was utilized to investigate the clarifying of juice. This pore size of the ceramic structure was utilized in an attempt to reduce the polarization phenomenon and improve the permeate flux without utilizing the usual enzymatic treatment made in the microfiltration processes. The rheological behaviour of the suspension was investigated in a cone/plate rheometer (model, DVIII-Ultra) and a cylindrical rheometer (model, DVIII+), both by Brookfield/USA, as the shear stress (τ) in function of shear rate (γ) was fitted and analyzed with the power-law and Herschel-Bulkley’s models. All the mixtures showed flow behaviour index values (n) near to one, characterizing Newtonian fluids (pseudo-plastic). The particle size distribution (PSD) of the samples of suspension and permeate were analyzed by APS100 (ultrasound spectroscopy) by Matec/USA. The analysis of the suspension showed the presence of particles of size equal 0.16micra, while the permeate did not present particles. The experiments were performed in a turbulent range higher than 2400 until 57500 and with variation to values of transmembrane pressure from 1 to 4bar; the usual and direct correlation between transmembrane flux and transmembrane pressure was not observed in the experiments and a new correlation to the dimensionless of TMP (trans-membrane pressure) and Reynolds (Re) was presented.

scholarly journals PENINGKATAN KUALITAS AIR BAKU DENGAN PROSES BIOFILTER TERCELUP MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA STRUKTUR SARANG TAWON

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nusa Idaman Said ◽  
Arie Herlambang
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
River Water ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
High Organic Matter

Contamination of rivers has reached an alarming level, especially in the rivers passing through major cities, agricultural areas and industrial areas. Among the contaminants that often appear dominant and very disturbing is the organic substance. The existence of high organic matter within the river water is often expressed in permanganate number that has passed the quality standard. River that contain high organic matter usually the water smell and the color is black, besides it can also cause disturbances in the water treatment process, which is an increasing use of coagulants, chlorine, activated carbon, and the emergence of substances that are not desired, and the quality of treatment results are unsatisfactory. Many ways to reduce the organic matter in river water, one of them is by using the biofilter honeycomb structure. The target of the reduction of organic substances is that the river water could be used as a raw drinking water quality standards or meet the category B, Regulation of Jakarta Governor Number 582, 1995. Raw water used for this study were taken from Krukut River which is the raw water for Regional Water Company PALYJA, Production Installation III Cilandak, South Jakarta and Cengkareng Drain river water, which is currently used as a source of raw water for PAM Taman Kota, West Jakarta using a biofilter reactor aerobic system, the capacity of 50 - 200 m3, Capasity of Blowers 300 l /min, Residence Time 6 hours up to 1 hour. Test results on the residence time of 1 hour, parameters pH, TSS, turbidity, organic substances, detergents, manganese, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, can meet the standard, except for iron which still exceeds the standard. To improve the removal  efficiency of organic matter and iron, at the beginning of processing before entering into the drinking water treatment unit need to be added powder active carbon and an oxidizing agent with a sufficient dose. Keywords: Organic substances, biofilter, aerobic, honeycomb plastic media.

scholarly journals Will UK peatland restoration reduce dissolved organic matter concentrations in upland drinking water supplies?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Williamson ◽  
Christopher Evans ◽  
Bryan Spears ◽  
Amy Pickard ◽  
Pippa J. Chapman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Catchment Management ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Peatland Restoration

Abstract. Rising dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations, and associated increases in water colour, have posed a potential problem for the UK water industry since the phenomenon was first reported in the early 1990s. Elevated DOM concentrations in raw water are of particular concern in upland catchments dominated by organic soils where DOM production tends to be highest. In recent years, water companies have considered the capacity for catchment interventions to improve raw water quality at source, relieving the need for costly and complex engineering solutions in treatment works, but there is considerable uncertainty around the effectiveness of these measures. One of the primary evidence gaps is the extent to which catchment management is capable of influencing DOM concentrations at the point of abstraction, field studies rarely extending beyond sub-catchment or stream scale. Our review of the published evidence suggests that catchment management could make a contribution to mitigating recent DOM increases in some circumstances, particularly where plantation forestry has been grown on peat, and where control of nutrients in runoff could reduce in-reservoir DOM production. Evidence for the efficacy of most other measures that target reductions in DOM loading for catchment to reservoir remains insufficient to support wider scale application. Collectively, these measures have the potential to reduce DOM concentrations in drinking water reservoirs but they must be selected on a site-specific basis, where the scale, effect size and duration of the catchment intervention are considered in relation to both the treatment capacity of the works and future projected DOM trends.

scholarly journals Microfiltration of wheat starch suspensions using multichannel ceramic membrane

2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojana Ikonic ◽  
Zoltan Zavargo ◽  
Aleksandar Jokic ◽  
Zita Seres ◽  
Gyula Vatai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Ceramic Membrane ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Flux Decline

This work investigates influence of different process parameters such as transmembrane pressure, flow rate and concentration of wheat starch suspension on the average permeate flux and permeate flux decline. Used membrane in all experiments was 19 channels ceramic membrane with 0.2 ?m pore size. Experimental results were analyzed using response surface methodology. It is observed that the significant average permeate flux enhancement of 200% was achieved by the increase of the transmembrane pressure, while the increase of flow rate and concentration affected the increase in average permeate flux in the range of 40-100%. Permeate flux decline was almost independent of the transmembrane pressure, but the increase of the flow rate, as well as the decrease of the concentration led to decrease of permeate flux decline in the range of 20-50%.

scholarly journals PENYISIHAN KANDUNGAN BAHAN ORGANIK ALAMI PADA AIR BAKU UNTUK PRODUKSI AIR MINUM DENGAN KOMBINASI PRE-OKSIDASI DAN KOAGULASI

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Firdaus Kamal ◽  
Euis Nurul Hidayah
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Organoleptic Properties ◽  
Coagulation Process ◽  
By Products

Kehadiran NOM menurunkan kualitas air baku untuk air minum dengan mengubah sifat organoleptik, mengganggu sistem pengendapan dan meningkatkan penggunaan koagulan, menyebabkan penyumbatan pada saringan dan distribusi air minum. Komponen NOM, seperti humic acids (HA) dan fulvic acids (FA) yang bereaksi dengan logam berat menyebabkan terbentuknya senyawa toksik dan berkontribusi terhadap pembentukan disinfection by products (DBPs) yang menyebabkan potensi adanya senyawa karsinogenik dalam pengolahan air minum secara konvensional. Salah satu metode penyisihan bahan organik dalam air adalah dengan peningkatan proses koagulasi, dengan pretreatment sebelum proses koagulasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh pre-oksidasi dan koagulasi terhadap penyisihan bahan organik pada air Kali Jagir yang digunakan untuk produksi air minum. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, konsentrasi TOC pada air baku sebesar 11,67  mg/liter dan nilai UV absorbansi 254 nm sebesar 0,10895 cm-1, sehingga diperoleh nilai SUVA sebesar 0,934 L/mg/cm, sehingga diketahui karakteristik pada air Kali Surabaya yang cenderung hidrofilik dengan berat molekul rendah dan kebanyakan bukan humik yang mengindikasikan bahwa air tersebut dihasilkan dari kegiatan domestik dan industri. Pada kombinasi pre-oksidasi dan koagulasi, CaOCl2 dengan dosis 25 mg/liter mampu menurunkan TOC dari 11,67 mg/liter menjadi 9,11 mg/liter, sedangkan permanganat dengan dosis 0,8 mg/liter hanya mampu menurunkan TOC dari 11,67 mg/liter menjadi 11,25 mg/liter. Kombinasi pre-oksidasi dan koagulasi mampu menurunkan bahan organik aromatik, ditunjukkan dengan nilai absorbansi UV210 air baku yaitu 1,4983 cm-1 menjadi 1,2720 cm-1 dengan pre-oksidasi KMnO4-koagulan Al2(SO4)3 dan 1,3152 cm-1 pada pre-oksidasi CaOCl2-koagulan Al2(SO4)3. Kata kunci: bahan organik alami, koagulasi, pre-oksidasi. The presence of NOM reduces air quality for drinking water with changes in organoleptic properties, deposition systems and increased use of coagulants, blockages in filters and distribution of drinking water. NOM components, such as humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) which are printed with heavy metals cause the formation of toxic compounds and contribute to product disinfection (DBPs) which produce potential carcinogenic compounds in conventional drinking water treatment. One method of removing organic matter in water is by increasing the coagulation process, with pretreatment before the coagulation process. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pre-oxidation and coagulation on the removal of organic material in Kali Jagir water used for the production of drinking water. Based on the results of the analysis, TOC concentration in raw water is 11.67 mg/liter and UV absorbance value 254 nm is 0.10895 cm-1, so that the SUVA value is 0.934 L/mg/cm, so it is known the characteristics of the Surabaya River water which tend to be hydrophilic with low molecular weight and most not humic which indicates that the water is produced from domestic and industrial activities. In a combination of preoxidation and coagulation, CaOCl2 with a dose of 25 mg/liter was able to reduce TOC from 11.67 mg/liter to 9.11 mg/liter, while permanganate at a dose of 0.8 mg/liter was only able to reduce TOC from 11,67 mg/liter to 11.25 mg/liter. The combination of preoxidation and coagulation is able to reduce aromatic organic matter, indicated by the absorbance value of UV210 of raw water, namely 1.4983 cm-1 to 1.2720 cm-1 with the KMnO4-coagulant Al2(SO4)3 and 1.3152 cm-1 preoxidation in preoxidation CaOCl2-coagulant (SO4)3. Keywords: natural organic matter, coagulation, pre-oxidation.

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