A framework for planning of sustainable water and sanitation systems in peri-urban areas

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Törnqvist ◽  
A. Norström ◽  
E. Kärrman ◽  
P.-A. Malmqvist
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Institutional Boundaries

There are billions of people around the world that lack access to safe water supply and basic sanitation, a situation which puts the affected in severe health conditions as well as economical and social despair. Many of those lacking adequate water supply and sanitation systems can be found at the fringe of the cities in so called peri-urban areas, especially in the developing world. Planning in these areas is highly complex due to challenging environmental and physical conditions, high population density and unclear institutional boundaries. This article presents a framework aiming to support the planning process for sustainable water and sanitation systems in peri-urban areas. The suggested framework is based on different available planning approaches from a review of literature and websites of organisations and companies. It consists of a recommendation of important steps in the planning process as well as supporting tools. Further, it incorporates a set of sustainability criteria important for the peri-urban context and allows for the development of site specific systems. The framework has the aim to be flexible for different planning situations, and for suiting planners with different perspectives and amount of resources.

Optimizing the Operation of Pumping System with Linear Programming (LP), Nonlinear (PNL) and Genetic Algorithm (GA)

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 1039-1043
Author(s):  
Anderson William Simões Borges ◽  
Marcio Roberto Covacic
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Supervision And Management ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Control And Management ◽  
High Topography ◽  
Insight Into

There are many reasons for conducting research involving the basic sanitation sector in Brazil, among these reasons are some very peculiar characteristics related to this sector, ranging from features to their design and form of organization to maintenance. This paper provides practical insight into the application of automation technologies in sanitation systems and aims to expose a set of solutions focused on automation of viable water supply that can be applied even in municipalities that manage their own water supply. Automated systems are characterized mainly by the need to purchase to send information from one or more operational control centers to remote stations located in diverse locations such as densely urbanized centers, non-urban areas, restricted access locations, coastal areas, areas port, underground cities and localities of high topography. This diversity of characteristics requires a set of automation solutions. Supervision and management information for the control and management of the supply system in an integrated and efficient.

Securing 2020 vision for 2030: climate change and ensuring resilience in water and sanitation services

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Howard ◽  
Katrina Charles ◽  
Kathy Pond ◽  
Anca Brookshaw ◽  
Rifat Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Drinking-water supply and sanitation services are essential for human health, but their technologies and management systems are potentially vulnerable to climate change. An assessment was made of the resilience of water supply and sanitation systems against forecast climate changes by 2020 and 2030. The results showed very few technologies are resilient to climate change and the sustainability of the current progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) may be significantly undermined. Management approaches are more important than technology in building resilience for water supply, but the reverse is true for sanitation. Whilst climate change represents a significant threat to sustainable drinking-water and sanitation services, through no-regrets actions and using opportunities to increase service quality, climate change may be a driver for improvements that have been insufficiently delivered to date.

Semi-centralised supply and treatment systems for (fast growing) urban areas

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 349-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Weber ◽  
P. Cornel ◽  
M. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Local Supply ◽  
The One ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Mega Cities

Mega cities with rapid growth are challenged by two main problems concerning water supply and sanitation. One is water scarcity because local demand exceeds local supply. The other is that the infrastructure for water supply and the collection and treatment of wastewater cannot keep up with the rapid growth of the mega cities. The transfer of conventional centralised water and wastewater systems from industrialised countries to mega cities does not seem appropriate, because of the rapid and almost unpredictable growth in mega cities on the one hand and the regional shortage of water which requires an economical use and reuse wherever possible on the other hand. The transition from centralised to semi-centralised supply and treatment systems (SESATS) may be one method of resolution to the grave discrepancy between the rapid growth of cities and the provision of supply and treatment infrastructure. One important aspect of planning semi-centralised wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure including intra-urban water reuse is the assessment of the optimal size. Therefore, factors and indicators, which have an effect on the scale of semi-centralised sanitation systems, have to be developed. Beside the introduction in SESATS some of these factors, criteria and indicators and their effects on the system's scale will be introduced in this paper.

scholarly journals Effects of Population Growth on Urban Extent and Supply of Water and Sanitation: Case of Nakuru Municipality, Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Elizabeth W. Muoria ◽  
Wilkister N. Moturi ◽  
George W. Eshiamwata
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Supply Network ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Water Supply Network ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Urban Extent

Urbanization causes changes in social and environmental conditions with most of these changes impacting on the efficient provision of essential services such as water and sanitation. Nakuru Municipality was observed to be the fastest growing urban area in East and Central Africa. Research on patterns and trends of urban and population increase and their implication on water service provision and sanitation in urban Nakuru is very scanty. This paper presents findings from an assessment of the effects of population growth between 1999 and 2017 on urban extent and supply of water and sewage reticulation in Nakuru municipality and surrounding peri-urban areas. Data was collected through remote sensing and administration of questionnaires to urban Nakuru residents and key informants from NAWASSCO respectively to elicit information on the water supply network and sewerage reticulation in Nakuru municipality for the period 1989-2014. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to analyze the data on time series. The results indicate that the population of Nakuru municipality and surrounding peri-urban areas has increased by 56.8% whereas that of built-up area has increased by 182.5% in the same period through densification of the urban core and expansion to the peri-urban areas characterized by urban sprawl. The water supply network and sewerage reticulation increased by 236km and 89km respectively within Nakuru municipality. The analysis of the maps shows that water supply network and sewerage reticulation are concentrated in the area around the urban core with very little spread. This means that the residents on the outskirts of Nakuru Municipality are not well served by the water supply network and sewerage reticulation. The study recommends involvement of all stakeholders in urban planning and in the water sector in order to increase water supply network and sewerage reticulation coverage both in the urban and peri-urban areas. 

A new paradigm for low-cost urban water supplies and sanitation in developing countries

Water Policy ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Mara ◽  
Graham Alabaster
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Urban Water Supply ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

To achieve the Millennium Development Goals for urban water supply and sanitation ∼300,000 and ∼400,000 people will have to be provided with an adequate water supply and adequate sanitation, respectively, every day during 2001–2015. The provision of urban water supply and sanitation services for these numbers of people necessitates action not only on an unprecedented scale, but also in a radically new way as “more of the same” is unlikely to achieve these goals. A “new paradigm” is proposed for low-cost urban water supply and sanitation, as follows: water supply and sanitation provision in urban areas and large villages should be to groups of households, not to individual households. Groups of households would form (even be required to form, or pay more if they do not) water and sanitation cooperatives. There would be standpipe and yard-tap cooperatives served by community-managed sanitation blocks, on-site sanitation systems or condominial sewerage, depending on space availability and costs and, for non-poor households, in-house multiple-tap cooperatives served by condominial sewerage or, in low-density areas, by septic tanks with on-site effluent disposal. Very poor households (those unable to afford to form standpipe cooperatives) would be served by community-managed standpipes and sanitation blocks.

Ancient water and sanitation systems – applicability for the contemporary urban developing world

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 935-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bond ◽  
E. Roma ◽  
K. M. Foxon ◽  
M. R. Templeton ◽  
C. A. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Rural Agriculture ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Systems

The idea of implementing ancient water and wastewater technologies in the developing world is a persuasive one, since ancient systems had many features which would constitute sustainable and decentralised water and sanitation (WATSAN) provision in contemporary terminology. Latest figures indicate 2.6 billion people do not use improved sanitation and 1.1 billion practise open defecation, thus there is a huge need for sustainable and cost-effective WATSAN facilities, particularly in cities of the developing world. The objective of this study was to discuss and evaluate the applicability of selected ancient WATSAN systems for the contemporary developing world. Selected WATSAN systems in ancient Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, Egypt, Greece, Rome and the Yucatan peninsula are briefly introduced and then discussed in the context of the developing world. One relevant aspect is that public latrines and baths were not only a part of daily life in ancient Rome but also a focal point for socialising. As such they would appear to represent a model of how to promote use and acceptance of modern community toilets and ablution blocks. Although public or community toilets are not classified as improved sanitation by WHO/UNICEF, this is a debatable premise since examples such as Durban, South Africa, illustrate how community toilets continue to represent a WATSAN solution for urban areas with high population density. Meanwhile, given the need for dry sanitation technologies, toilets based on the production of enriched Terra Preta soil have potential applications in urban and rural agriculture and warrant further investigation.

scholarly journals BASIC SANITATION IN SMALL COMMUNITIES

Engevista ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Virginia Muniz Machado ◽  
Dario De A. Prata Filho ◽  
Ricardo Franklin P. Britto ◽  
Aline M. Naue ◽  
Carolina B. M. L. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Field Trips ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
Recent Government ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Improving the coverage of water supply and sanitation has positive impacts on economic, social and health conditions. In Brazil, the deficit in water supply and sanitation in urban areas has been reduced due to recent government investments, but are still insufficient for the service universalization. Deficiencies in water supply and sanitation are observerd in rural areas of Brazil because, historically, these areas have not received sufficient investment. This paper presents the alternatives adopted in rural communities in Brazil, with at least 2500 inhabitants, being those successful experiences that can be replicated. Research stages involved literature surveys, interviews with experts and with community representatives, and field trips. The interviews and field trips allowed the knowledge of local realities, of appropriate technical solutions, the uptake and levels of community awareness, the operational problems and the management systems frequently applied.

Factors influencing household willingness to pay (WTP) for drinking water in peri-urban areas: a case study in the Indian context

Water Policy ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 461-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Venkatachalam
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Household Behavior ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
Water Supply Services

One of the major issues confronted by the agencies formulating polices for water supply projects in developing countries is how to achieve efficiency, equity and sustainability. Achieving these objectives warrants an understanding of the determinants of household behaviour towards various aspects of water supply projects, such as improved water supply services and the associated willingness to pay value for specified services. Since these determinants are site-specific in nature, it is imperative that the water supply authorities identify and accommodate these factors appropriately in water supply policies. This paper discusses the results of a case study that looked into identification of such determinants of household behavior in relation to improved water supply services in a peri-urban context in Tamil Nadu, India.

Technology in the high entropy world

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Tambo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Metabolic System ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
High Entropy ◽  
Maximum Effort ◽  
Water District ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Commercial Energy

Modern growing society is mainly driven by oils and may be designated “petroleum civilisation”. However, the basic energy used to drive the global ecosystem is solar radiation. The amount of fossil energy consumption is minimal in the whole global energy balance. Economic growth is mainly controlled by the fossil (commercial) energy consumption rate in urban areas. Water and sanitation systems are bridging economical activities and global ecosystems. Therefore, vast amounts of high entropy solar energy should always be taken into account in the water industry. Only in urban/industrial areas where most of the GDP is earned, are commercial energy driven systems inevitably introduced with maximum effort for energy saving. A water district concept to ensure appropriate quality use with the least deterioration of the environment is proposed. In other areas, decentralised water and sanitation systems driven on soft energy paths would be recommended. A process and system designed on a high entropy energy system would be the foundation for a future urban metabolic system revolution for when oil-based energy become scarce.

scholarly journals Meeting the water and sanitation MDGs: a study of human resource development requirements in Tanzania

Water Policy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (S2) ◽  
pp. 61-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Kimwaga ◽  
Joel Nobert ◽  
Victor Kongo ◽  
Mpembe Ngwisa
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Human Resource Development ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

In the Tanzanian water and sanitation (WatSan) sector, the human resource (HR) requirements for meeting the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets have so far been relatively unknown. This study was therefore conducted with a focus on determining HR requirements in the public sector and parastatal institutions, in the private sector (private consultancy companies, individual contractors, etc.), and in non-governmental organizations and community-based organizations active in the broader water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector. The competences assessed were: design and construction of new infrastructure, operation and maintenance (O&M), community mobilization, sanitation, and hygiene promotion. The study found a greater HR shortage in rural areas than in urban areas. The smallest HR need is for social development professionals (estimated at 320 in the urban areas). In the water supply and sanitation sectors, the average number of water supply engineers that will be required to achieve MDGs is estimated at 3,864, compared to the sanitation sector, which will need 637 engineers. In terms of the demand for competences in the water supply sector, the highest need is for O&M professionals (7,589) and the lowest for mobilization professionals (447). The study recommends increasing the HR supply in the WatSan sector through the following measures: increasing support for training institutions offering relevant courses in WatSan; focusing on skills required for asset management and O&M; and giving specific attention to HR capacity development in small towns and rural areas.

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