Determination of the dynamics of the odour release from a pig house, using an electronic odour sensor

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gallmann ◽  
E. Hartung ◽  
G. Brose ◽  
T. Jungbluth
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Metal Oxide Sensors ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Sensor Signals ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Odour Emissions ◽  
Animal Mass ◽  
The One ◽  
Pig Husbandry

The widely fluctuating operating conditions in pig husbandry, due to climatic and biological changes (changes in temperature and air flowrate between day and night, as well as between summer and winter, increasing animal mass during the fattening process, etc.) exert a significant influence on the amount of actual odour emission. The project presented here comprised the measurement of seasonal (fattening course), daytime-related, and short-term (feeding) dynamic effects of odour release, as well as the identification of potential factors which influence the amount of odour emitted. In parallel with “classic” olfactometry, an electronic odour sensor with a chemosensor array of ten metal oxide sensors was employed. The highest odour emissions are measured on hot summer days, while the lowest emissions were determined on cold winter days. On the one hand, the sensor signals of the electronic odour sensor exhibited considerable differences on days with large volume flow alterations. On the other hand, continuous measurement with the electronic odour sensor allowed changes in the gas- and odorant composition of the exhaust air during feeding times to be shown. From the measurement results, recommendations for odour sampling, the consideration of seasonal odour emission fluctuations, and the use of electronic odour sensors for the evaluation of odour emissions have been derived.

Sound influence on spa park perception in feelings of visitors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Sztubecka ◽  
Maria Mrówczyńska ◽  
Anna Bazan-Krzywoszańska ◽  
Marta Skiba
Keyword(s):  
Human Perception ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Health Resort ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Noise Measurements ◽  
Permissible Levels ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

Noise can have many harmful effects on the recipients, however people exposed to noise on a long-term and regular basis can get used to it, even if the permissible levels are exceeded. In cities, green areas and park systems are provided to create a climate for rest and relaxation. Spa parks are a special kind of such park systems, which – in addition to the above-mentioned features – support therapies offered by spa facilities located there. On the one hand, patients and visitors appreciate various social and entertainment events held there, but – on the other – a multitude of sounds associated with them may reduce the comfort of their stay. The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between the results of noise measurements and the human perception of noise within the impact zone. The examined area is a spa park in the health resort district of Inowrocław, where seasonal measurements (taken in summer and winter) provided a basis for the determination of the connection between the measured values of equivalent sound level and the noise level perceived by surveyed people. A statistical analysis was performed to take into account the correlation between the obtained measurement results and the human perception of noise. It shows some differences in the perception of heard sounds. The results allow an evaluation of the soundscape of the analysed area.

Odour emission inventory of German wastewater treatment plants - odour flow rates and odour emission capacity

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.-B. Frechen
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Sewerage System ◽  
Suitable Parameter ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Odour Emissions ◽  
Emission Capacity

Wastewater Treatment plants can cause odour emissions that may lead to significant odour annoyance in their vicinity. Thus, over the past 20 years, several measurements were taken of the odour emissions that occur at WWTPs of different sizes, treatment technology, plant design and under different operating conditions. The specific aspects of odour sampling and measurement have to be considered. I presented some of the results of my odour emission measurements 11 years ago. However, it is now necessary to update the figures by evaluating newer measurement results obtained from measurements taken from 1994 to 2003. These are presented in this paper. Also, the paper highlights the odour emission capacity (OEC) measurement technique which characterises liquids and can be used to assess the results achieved by different types of treatment in the liquid phase, e.g. in a sewerage system. In addition, the OEC is a suitable parameter to set standards for the odorant content of industrial wastewaters that are discharged into the publicly owned sewerage system.

NUMERICAL-ANALYTICAL MODEL OF THE LUMINANCE FACTOR OF AN ARBITRARY SURFACE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.Y. Basov ◽  
G.V. Boos ◽  
V.P. Budak ◽  
A.V. Grimailo
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Concrete ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Concrete Pavements ◽  
Bidirectional Reflectance ◽  
Parallel Layer ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
The One ◽  
Luminance Factor ◽  
Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution

Road safety is determined by the distribution of luminance created by asphalt concrete surfaces. On the one hand, experimental determination of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function is laborious, on the other hand, for some angles this task is difficult. The authors propose to use both analytical and statistical models of the luminance factor, which allow determining the luminance factors or coefficients for arbitrary angles of incidence and sighting. The models are based on the idea of a plane-parallel layer, in the volume of which radiation scattering occurs. With correctly selected optical properties of the layer (the optical thickness of the medium, the albedo of single scattering, the phase function of the particles included in the composition), the models allow obtaining reliable results, which was confirmed when compared with the measurement results. The models can also be applicable not only for asphalt concrete pavements, but also for any other surfaces.

scholarly journals A new method for rapeseed hulls purification – Proof of concept

OCL ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Patrick Carré ◽  
Jean-Philippe Loison
Keyword(s):  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
New Method ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Industrial Implementation ◽  
Primary Separation ◽  
The One

The loss of fats in the hulls is one of the main obstacles limiting the industrial implementation of rapeseed dehulling. The main reason resides in the shape of rapeseed outer cotyledons which resemble to the hulls’ shape and make it difficult to separate. The purpose of this study is to propose a new method for the purification of rapeseed hulls. After primary separation by aspiration, the mixture of hulls and kernels is passed between a pair of flat rolls where kernels are flattened and stick to the metal while the hulls do not. We exploited this property to adapt a small laboratory flaker with two counter-rotating cylinders of 65 mm diameter with scrapers that make the kernels fall away from the hulls. Process optimization by tunning experimental conditions (hulls moisture content, roller spacing, roller speed and feed rate) allowed the determination of the optimal operating conditions. Experiments showed that wetting improves the purity of the hulls but reduces the one of the recovered kernels. A gap of 0.1 mm was necessary. In addition, it was shown that the sorting quality depends on the ratio flow-rate / rotation-speed. The best performances are reached around 1 g.s−1.rpm−1. In these conditions, the hulls and kernels purity were 96% and 94% respectively. This preliminary work has allowed us to prove the concept. The next step will be to develop a pilot plant to validate the process efficiency on a larger scale (100 kg/h).

Weiterentwicklung des Geruchsmessverfahrens für Bauprodukte/Further development of the odour measurement method for building products

Gefahrstoffe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (03-04) ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Plehn ◽  
Birgit Müller ◽  
Wolfgang Horn ◽  
Frank Brozowski ◽  
Simone Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Building Products ◽  
Perceived Intensity ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Odour Emissions

Bauprodukte und Einrichtungsgegenstände für Innenräume, wie Bodenbeläge und Wand- paneele, sollen das Wohlbefinden und die Gesundheit der Raumnutzenden nicht durch das Ausdünsten von Geruchsstoffen stören. Mit der Geruchsprüfung nach ISO 16000-28 „Innenraumluft – Bestimmung der Geruchsstoffemissionen aus Bauprodukten mit einer Emissionsprüfkammer“ wird der Produktgeruch zu einer messbaren Größe. So können Versuchspersonen die empfundene Intensität, also die Stärke eines Geruchseindruckes, mit Hilfe eines Vergleichsmaßstabes ermitteln. In diesem Beitrag werden Vorschläge zur Weiterentwicklung der Methode vorgestellt, um im Ergebnis die Reproduzierbarkeit der Messergebnisse weiter zu verbessern. Dabei werden vor allem das Probenpräsentationssystem und die Bewertungsmethodik für die empfundene Intensität bei der Bewertung von Bauprodukten gemäß Schema des Ausschusses zur gesundheitlichen Bewertung von Bauprodukten (AgBB)   betrachtet, da diese einen wesentlichen Einfluss haben.   Abstract Emissions or odours occurring from building products and furnishings for interiors, like floor coverings or wall panels, should not have a negative impact on well-being or health. Odours can be measured applying the standard ISO 16000-28 „Indoor air – Determination of odour emissions from building products using test chambers”. It describes among other procedures the assessment of perceived intensity with comparative scale by a group of panellists. In the study presented here proposals for further technical development of the methodology are discussed to increase the reproducibility of measurement results. The sampling procedure and evaluation method of perceived intensity are investigated in particular because they have a major influence at the assessment of construction products applying the procedure of the Committee for Health Evaluation of Building Products.

scholarly journals Increasing the accuracy of the directional survey when drilling oil and gas wells

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Vladimir K. Teplukhin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Drill String ◽  
Position Measurement ◽  
Electrical Signals ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Sensor Signals

Introduction. The method оf directional survey is currently widely used when drilling horizontal and directional wells for oil and gas. The method includes a relatively cumbersome and complex system of 40 “Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal”. No. 6. 2021 ISSN 0536-1028 sequential operations of converting the components of the Earth’s magnetic field into proportional electrical signals using magnetometers, amplifying and scaling sensor signals, integrating analog-todigital conversion of electrical signals, determination of the three components of magnetic fields from the measured output signals of geosteering sensors, and additional introduction of various kinds of corrections to determine the survey parameters of the bottom. Methods of research. The main objective of the research is to improve the accuracy of the directional survey while drilling directional wells for oil and gas. The process of drilling provides accurate online compensation for interference from large ferromagnetic complexes in the bottomhole assembly acting on the sensors of the inclinometer magnetic field components. The developed method for increasing the accuracy of the directional survey when drilling directional wells online eliminates the need for various additional corrections in the course of the drilled well bottom geometric position measurement. Results and analysis. Analytical studies of the structure of the noise created by various magnetic blocks included in the drillsting assembly during installation have been carried out. A specialized device has been developed to control the directional survey process when drilling directional wells. A relatively simple set of processes reduced to magnetic blocks location data and geometric parameters introduction has been developed together with a working system including a microprocessor and compensation solenoids. It made it possible to obtain actual data on the spatial location of the drill string bottom in real time

Simulation and Contrast Analysis of tem Images of Cracks

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 578-579
Author(s):  
D. Goyal ◽  
A. H. King
Keyword(s):  
Displacement Vector ◽  
Crack Tip ◽  
Perfect Crystal ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Displacement Fields ◽  
Fringe Contrast ◽  
Orthogonal Geometry ◽  
Moire Fringe ◽  
Moiré Fringe

TEM images of cracks have been found to give rise to a moiré fringe type of contrast. It is apparent that the moire fringe contrast is observed because of the presence of a fault in a perfect crystal, and is characteristic of the fault geometry and the diffracting conditions in the TEM. Various studies have reported that the moire fringe contrast observed due to the presence of a crack in an otherwise perfect crystal is distinctive of the mode of crack. This paper describes a technique to study the geometry and mode of the cracks by comparing the images they produce in the TEM because of the effect that their displacement fields have on the diffraction of electrons by the crystal (containing a crack) with the corresponding theoretical images. In order to formulate a means of matching experimental images with theoretical ones, displacement fields of dislocations present (if any) in the vicinity of the crack are not considered, only the effect of the displacement field of the crack is considered.The theoretical images are obtained using a computer program based on the two beam approximation of the dynamical theory of diffraction contrast for an imperfect crystal. The procedures for the determination of the various parameters involved in these computations have been well documented. There are three basic modes of crack. Preliminary studies were carried out considering the simplest form of crack geometries, i. e., mode I, II, III and the mixed modes, with orthogonal crack geometries. It was found that the contrast obtained from each mode is very distinct. The effect of variation of operating conditions such as diffracting vector (), the deviation parameter (ω), the electron beam direction () and the displacement vector were studied. It has been found that any small change in the above parameters can result in a drastic change in the contrast. The most important parameter for the matching of the theoretical and the experimental images was found to be the determination of the geometry of the crack under consideration. In order to be able to simulate the crack image shown in Figure 1, the crack geometry was modified from a orthogonal geometry to one with a crack tip inclined to the original crack front. The variation in the crack tip direction resulted in the variation of the displacement vector also. Figure 1 is a cross-sectional micrograph of a silicon wafer with a chromium film on top, showing a crack in the silicon.

Two-Stage Procedure for the Quantitative Determination of Autoprothrombin III Concentration and Some Applications

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 198-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald S Reno ◽  
Walter H Seegers
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
The One ◽  
Autoprothrombin C

SummaryA two-stage assay procedure was developed for the determination of the autoprothrombin C titre which can be developed from prothrombin or autoprothrombin III containing solutions. The proenzyme is activated by Russell’s viper venom and the autoprothrombin C activity that appears is measured by its ability to shorten the partial thromboplastin time of bovine plasma.Using the assay, the autoprothrombin C titre was determined in the plasma of several species, as well as the percentage of it remaining in the serum from blood clotted in glass test tubes. Much autoprothrombin III remains in human serum. With sufficient thromboplastin it was completely utilized. Plasma from selected patients with coagulation disorders was assayed and only Stuart plasma was abnormal. In so-called factor VII, IX, and P.T.A. deficiency the autoprothrombin C titre and thrombin titre that could be developed was normal. In one case (prethrombin irregularity) practically no thrombin titre developed but the amount of autoprothrombin C which generated was in the normal range.Dogs were treated with Dicumarol and the autoprothrombin C titre that could be developed from their plasmas decreased until only traces could be detected. This coincided with a lowering of the thrombin titre that could be developed and a prolongation of the one-stage prothrombin time. While the Dicumarol was acting, the dogs were given an infusion of purified bovine prothrombin and the levels of autoprothrombin C, thrombin and one-stage prothrombin time were followed for several hours. The tests became normal immediately after the infusion and then went back to preinfusion levels over a period of 24 hrs.In other dogs the effect of Dicumarol was reversed by giving vitamin K1 intravenously. The effect of the vitamin was noticed as early as 20 min after administration.In response to vitamin K the most pronounced increase was with that portion of the prothrombin molecule which yields thrombin. The proportion of that protein with respect to the precursor of autoprothrombin C increased during the first hour and then started to go down and after 3 hrs was equal to the proportion normally found in plasma.

SIMPLIFIED DEXAMETHASONE SUPPRESSION TEST

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. H. Asfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Cushing’S Syndrome ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cushing's Syndrome ◽  
Dexamethasone Suppression Test ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Suppression Test ◽  
The One ◽  
Steroid Excretion ◽  
Dexamethasone Suppression

ABSTRACT This is an investigation of the practical clinical value of the one mg dexamethasone suppression test of Nugent et al. (1963). The results, evaluated from the decrease in fluorimetrically determined plasma corticosteroids in normal subjects, as well as in cases of exogenous obesity, hirsutism and in Cushing's syndrome, confirm the findings reported in previous studies. Plasma corticosteroid reduction after one mg of dexamethasone in cases of stable diabetes was not significantly different from that observed in control subjects, but in one third of the insulin-treated diabetics only a partial response was observed, indicating a slight hypercorticism in these patients. An insufficient decrease in plasma corticosteroids was observed in certain other conditions (anorexia nervosa, pituitary adenoma, patients receiving contraceptive or anticonvulsive treatment) with no hypercorticism. The physiological significance of these findings is discussed. It is concluded that the test, together with a determination of the basal urinary 17-ketogenic steroid excretion, is suitable as the first diagnostic test in patients in whom Cushing's syndrome is suspected. In cases of insufficient suppression of plasma corticosteroids, further studies, including the suppression test of Liddle (1960), must be carried out.

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