The reuse of treated wastewater for agricultural purposes in Nicaragua; Central America

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Platzer ◽  
V. Cáceres ◽  
N. Fong
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits

The first subsurface flow wetland (SSFW) system for about 1,000 PE, was constructed in Nicaragua in 1996 to apply this technology in the form of an integral project, combining the treatment of domestic wastewater with its reuse for crop production in small and medium size communities. The SSFW-effluent meets all standards established in the national regulations for wastewater reuse in agriculture, except for faecal coliforms, existent at an average concentration of 7 × 104 MPN/100 ml. A conventional surface irrigation method was used to irrigate different crop species selected to establish their risk of contamination. To judge the potential health risk for consumers and farmers, samples of vegetables and fruits harvested in the dry seasons of the years 1997 to 2002, were analyzed for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms like faecal coliforms, salmonella and shigella. In addition, a yield comparison between crops irrigated with well water using chemical fertilizers, and crops irrigated with the effluent of the SSFW-system was made, to analyze the economical benefits of the wastewater reuse.

scholarly journals Monitoring Opportunistic Pathogens in Domestic Wastewater from a Pilot-Scale Anaerobic Biofilm Reactor to Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingjian Cui ◽  
Shengxian Liang
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Wastewater Irrigation ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Treated Effluent

Wastewater reuse for agricultural irrigation in many developing countries is an increasingly common practice. Regular monitoring of indicators can help to identify potential health risks; therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the presence and abundance of opportunistic pathogens in wastewater, as well as plant phyllosphere and rhizosphere. In this study, an anaerobic biofilm reactor (ABR) was developed to treat rural domestic wastewater; the performance of pollutants removal and pathogenic bacteria elimination were investigated. Additionally, we also assessed the physicochemical and microbiological profiles of soil and lettuces after wastewater irrigation. Aeromonas hydrophila, Arcobacter sp., Bacillus cereus, Bacteroides sp., Escherichia coli, Legionella sp., and Mycobacterium sp. were monitored in the irrigation water, as well as in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of lettuces. Pathogens like B. cereus, Legionella sp. and Mycobacterium sp. were present in treated effluent with relatively high concentrations, and the levels of A. hydrophila, Arcobacter sp., and E. coli were higher in the phyllosphere. The physicochemical properties of soil and lettuce did not vary significantly. These data indicated that treated wastewater irrigation across a short time period may not alter the soil and crop properties, while the pathogens present in the wastewater may transfer to soil and plant, posing risks to human health.

scholarly journals MULTI-CRITERIA ASSESSMENT MODEL TO IDENTIFY SUITABLE AREAS FOR TREATED WASTEWATER REUSE IN AGRICULTURE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Laura Gatto D'Andrea ◽  
Martín Alejandro Iribarnegaray ◽  
Walter Alfredo Tejerina ◽  
Ariela Griselda Judith Salas Barboza ◽  
Juan José Correa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Suitability Analysis ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Local Actors

A model of land suitability analysis for irrigation with treated domestic wastewater is presented. The model integrates tools of Multi-Criteria Evaluation with Geographical Information Systems. Several criteria were selected to adapt the model to the conditions and characteristics of the case study. The adaptation process included field visits, a bibliographical review, and personal interviews with local actors and experts. Six constraints and 10 factors were selected and 3158 hectares suitable for the activity were identified. The areas were classified into three categories of aptitude, representing high fitness sites close to the current wastewater treatment plant. The developed tool allowed us to integrate different criteria to assess site suitability for wastewater reuse, with the advantage that the tool can be adapted to other regions and/or objectives.

scholarly journals Investigating suitability of treated wastewater for agriculture in Hawassa, Sidama region, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
Kannan Narayanan ◽  
Ayele Getachew
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Fodder Crops ◽  
Continuous Use

This study is based on the quality of wastewater from Hawassa University surroundings, which was assessed to determine its suitability for irrigation purposes during 2019. Grab samples of influent and the treated water were taken for assessing for quality parameters. The study revealed that the treated water could be used for irrigation purpose with some moderate restrictions. Even though Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) permit to irrigate fruit trees and fodder crops, there is a risk of soil degradation due to high value of Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR). Results also indicated that carbonate, potassium and phosphate exceeded the specified limits for wastewater reuse in agriculture. Despite increased nutritive elements, continuous use of treated sewage water for irrigation will make the soil acidic. Analysis of soil parameters indicated that there is an increase in nitrogen, phosphate and potassium nutrient levels considerably to benefit crop production but increase in soil EC is a serious concern. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(2): 59-65, December 2020

scholarly journals Optimization of Secondary Wastewater Reuse to Minimize Environmental Risks

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Oron ◽  
Raphi Mandelbaum ◽  
Carlos E. Enriquez ◽  
Robert Armon ◽  
Yoseph Manor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Subsurface Drip

The main purpose of the research was to examine approaches and to evaluate methods for minimizing the risks during applying treated domestic wastewater for agricultural irrigation. This general purpose consisted of examining under field conditions the possibilities when implementing different application technologies for minimizing health and environmental risks. It was assumed that Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) will provide adequate conditions for safe effluent reuse. Controlled field experiments where conducted in commercial fields to evaluate the alternatives. Main efforts where conducted in Israel in the grape vineyard in Arad heights, in the field crops in Kibbutz Chafets Chaim and in Arizona in fields adjacent to the University campus. The complementary part was to examine the behavior of the various pathogens in the effluent-soil-plant system. The analysis is based on controlled experiments, primarily in greenhouse along with field experiments. Molecular biology methods were used to identify the behavior of the pathogens in the components of the system. The project included as well examining the effluent quality in various sites, primarily those in which treated wastewater is reused for agricultural irrigation. The monitoring included conventional parameters however, also parasites such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium. The results obtained indicate the prominent advantages of using Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) method for minimizing health and environmental risks during application of secondary effluent. A theoretical model for assessing the risks while applying treated wastewater was completed as well. The management model shows the risks during various scenarios of wastewater quality, application technology and related human exposure.

Expert system for municipal wastewater management with emphasis in reuse

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Economopoulou ◽  
A.P. Economopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Problem Solution ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Assimilative Capacity ◽  
Natural Systems

This paper presents a methodology that uses a knowledge base and inference procedures for developing rational wastewater management schemes for small to medium size communities with emphasis in the protection of human health, the reuse of treated wastewater, and the pollution minimization of water receivers. The system provides an optimal year-round treatment/reuse/disposal plan, which maximizes the wastewater reuse for irrigation, meets the applicable minimum municipal wastewater treatment requirements and observes the water quality standards of receivers with the minimum treatment costs. The solution is dynamic in the sense that varying monthly design values can be assigned to the input variables used in the computation of irrigation requirements, assimilative capacity of receivers and performance of natural systems. The above procedure shows that the use of multiple receivers over the year is often highly advantageous; combining for example the increased treatment efficiency and reuse potential for irrigation during summer with the increased assimilative capacity of a river during winter. The expert system incorporates a number of design and ambient quality models, for which graphical solutions have been developed, so as to enable manual application if desired. The entire procedure is implemented in an integrated computer program that facilitates and refines problem solution. The expert system provides interactive guidance for collecting the necessary field information. Finally, the results of a case study for the management of wastewaters from the six communities of the Municipality of Keramoti are presented.

scholarly journals Application of Nanometal Oxides In Situ in Nonwoven Polyester Fabric for the Removal of Bacterial Indicators of Pollution from Wastewater

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohair I. Abou-Elela ◽  
Hanan S. Ibrahim ◽  
Mohamed M. Kamel ◽  
Mohamed Gouda
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Nonwoven Fabric ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Polyester Fabric ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Average Particle

The objective of this study is to investigate and assess the use of in situ deposit nanosilver (nAg2O) or nanocopper oxides (nCuO) into nonwoven polyester fabric (NWPF) as a safe and effective antibacterial filter of pollution from domestic wastewater. The bactericidal effect of both nAg2O and nCuO was examined against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli,Salmonella typhi) and Gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis,Staphylococcus aureus) using agar diffusion disk method. In addition, the capability of nAg2O and nCuO as disinfectants for secondary treated domestic wastewater was investigated as a case study. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) confirmed the formation of nAg2O and nCuO particles with average particle sizes of 15 and 41 nm, respectively. Disk diffusion results showed that nAg2O had a higher bactericidal effect than nCuO. Moreover, the disinfection of secondary treated wastewater using 1.27 mg/cm3of nAg2O in the nonwoven fabric was capable of hindering 99.6% and 91.7% of total and fecal coliforms within 10 minutes with a residual value of 18 and 15 MPN-index/100 mL, respectively. The residual total and fecal coliform concentrations were far less than that stated in the national and international limits for wastewater reuse in agriculture purpose.

scholarly journals Impact of treated wastewater on groundwater quality in the region of Tiznit (Morocco)

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mounir El Heloui ◽  
Rachida Mimouni ◽  
Fatima Hamadi
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Shallow Wells ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
The Impact

The Tiznit region has an arid to semi-arid climate. Rainfall is scarce and the reuse of wastewater for crop irrigation is common, and consequently groundwater can be contaminated by chemical and biological pollutants. A wastewater treatment plant is constructed with the aim of producing water suitable for reuse in agriculture and reducing groundwater pollution. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of factors that may influence groundwater quality, namely wastewater reuse and fertilizer use in the region. Groundwater was collected monthly over 1 year from five shallow wells (P1–P5) and analysed for a range of physicochemical and microbiological parameters. Concentrations frequently exceeded the WHO standards for potable water. The average concentration of nitrate was 98 mg/L. Conductivity varied from 1,930 to 2,500 μS/cm over four of the wells but was 11,703 in P3, which was close to the treatment plant. Bacteriological contamination was also found, with total coliforms varying from 0 at P1 to 9,000 cfu/100 mL at P4 and fecal coliforms (FC) 0 in P1, P2, P3 and P5 but up to 250 FC/100 mL at P4. Fecal streptococci (FS) varied from 0 to 3,500 FS/100 mL at P4. These values widely exceeded the limit for bacteria in water (0 units/100 mL).

Helminth eggs in wastewater: quantification technique

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 443-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Gaspard ◽  
J. Schwartzbrod
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Analysis ◽  
Zinc Sulphate ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Agricultural Wastewater ◽  
Helminth Eggs ◽  
Waste Water Analysis ◽  
Good Homogeneity

In the framework of agricultural wastewater reuse, the W.H.O. has defined a parasitological quality for sewage with less than one nematode egg per liter. The purpose of this work is to define an effective method to detect helminth eggs in wastewater. Seven techniques have been applied to waste water analysis, with a comparison of their respective results, varying from 26 to 74 %. Be it in the framework of artificial contamination or on site, the best results were obtained with the diphasic technique perfected at the laboratory including a treatment with antiformine at 8 % + ethylacetate followed by a flotation with zinc sulphate at 55%. The validation in the laboratory of the methods performance on treated wastewater allowed us to show that the yield of the method is significantly independent of the egg concentration as well as giving good homogeneity of results with a concentration of 1 egg/litre.

Wastewater Reuse for River Recovery in Semi-Arid Israel

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Juanico ◽  
Eran Friedler
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Pollution Impacts ◽  
Semi Arid

Most of the water has been captured in the rivers of Israel and they have turned into dry river-beds which deliver only sporadic winter floods. In a semi-arid country where literally every drop of water is used, reclaimed wastewater is the most feasible water source for river recovery. Two topics are addressed in this paper: water quality management in rivers where most of the flowing water is treated wastewater, and the allocations of reclaimed wastewater required for the recovery of rivers and streams. Water quality management must consider that the main source of water to the river has a pollution loading which reduces its capability to absorb other pollution impacts. The allocation of treated wastewater for the revival of rivers may not affect negatively the water balance of the region; it may eventually improve it. An upstream bruto allocation of 122 MCM/year of wastewater for the recovery of 14 rivers in Israel may favor downstream reuse of this wastewater, resulting in a small neto allocation and in an increase of the water resources available to the country. The discharge of effluents upstream to revive the river followed by their re-capture downstream for irrigation, implies a further stage in the intensification of water reuse.

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