Enrichment of nitrifying microbial communities from shrimp farms and commercial inocula

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Paungfoo ◽  
P. Prasertsan ◽  
N. Intrasungkha ◽  
L.L. Blackall ◽  
R. Bhamidimarri
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Shrimp Farm ◽  
Commercial Seed

Nitrifying bacteria were selected from shrimp farm water and sediment (ÒnaturalÓ seed) in Thailand and from commercial seed cultures. The microbial consortia from each source giving the best ammonia removal during batch culture pre-enrichments were used as inocula for two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). Nitrifiers were cultivated in the SBRs with 100 mg NH4-N/l and artificial wastewater containing 25 ppt salinity. The two SBRs were operated at a 7 d hydraulic retention time (HRT) for 77 d after which the HRT was reduced to 3.5 d. The amounts of ammonia removed from the influent by microorganisms sourced from the natural seed were 85% and 92% for the 7 d HRT and the 3.5 d HRT, respectively. The ammonia removals of microbial consortia from the commercial seed were 71% and 83% for these HRTs respectively. The quantity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was determined in the SBRs using the most probable number (MPN) technique. Both AOB and NOB increased in number over the long-term operation of both SBRs. According to quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) probing, AOB from the natural seed and commercial seed comprised 21 ± 2% and 30 ± 2%, respectively of all bacteria. NOB could not be detected with currently-reported FISH probes, suggesting that novel NOB were enriched from both sources. Taken collectively, the results from this study provide an indication that the nitrifiers from shrimp farm sources are more effective at ammonia removal than those from commercial seed cultures.

Investigation of aerobic and anaerobic ammonium-oxidising bacteria presence in a small full-scale wastewater treatment system comprised by UASB reactor and three polishing ponds

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 737-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Araujo ◽  
M. M. S. Correa ◽  
E. C. Silva ◽  
A. P. Campos ◽  
V. M. Godinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Uasb Reactor ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Wastewater Treatment System

This work applied PCR amplification method and Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with primers and probes specific for the anammox organisms and aerobic ammonia-oxidising β-Proteobacteria in order to detect these groups in different samples from a wastewater treatment system comprised by UASB reactor and three polishing (maturation) ponds in series. Seven primer pairs were used in order to detect Anammox bacteria. Positive results were obtained with three of them, suggesting that Anammox could be present in polishing pond sediments. However, Anammox bacteria were not detected by FISH, indicating that they were not present in sediment samples, or they could be present but below FISH detection limit. Aerobic ammonia- and nitrite-oxidising bacteria were verified in water column samples through Most Probable Number (MPN) analysis, but they were not detected in sediment samples by FISH. Ammonia removal efficiencies occurred systematically along the ponds (24, 32, and 34% for polishing pond 1, 2, and 3, respectively) but the major reaction responsible for this removal is still unclear. Some nitrification might have occurred in water samples because some nitrifying bacteria were present. Also Anammox reaction might have occurred because Anammox genes were detected in the sediments, but probably this reaction was too low to be noticed. It is important also to consider that some of the ammonia removal observed might be related to NH3 stripping, associated with the pH increase resulting from the intensive photosynthetic activity in the ponds (mechanism under investigation). Therefore, it can be concluded that more than one mechanism (or reaction) might be involved in the ammonia removal in the polishing ponds investigated in this study.

scholarly journals The Influence of Mineral Fertilizer Combined With a Nitrification Inhibitor on Microbial Populations and Activities in Calcareous Uzbekistanian Soil Under Cotton Cultivation

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 108-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilfuza Egamberdiyeva ◽  
Muhiddin Mamiev ◽  
Svetlana K. Poberejskaya
Keyword(s):  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Denitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Soil Microbial Population

Application of fertilizers combined with nitrification inhibitors affects soil microbial biomass and activity. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of fertilizer application combined with the nitrification inhibitor potassium oxalate (PO) on soil microbial population and activities in nitrogen-poor soil under cotton cultivation in Uzbekistan. Fertilizer treatments were N as urea, P as ammophos, and K as potassium chloride. The nitrification inhibitor PO was added to urea and ammophos at the rate of 2%. Three treatments—N200P140K60(T1), N200P140 POK60(T2), and N200P140 POK60(T3) mg kg-1soil—were applied for this study. The control (C) was without fertilizer and PO. The populations of oligotrophic bacteria, ammonifying bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, mineral assimilating bacteria, oligonitrophilic bacteria, and bacteria group Azotobacter were determined by the most probable number method. The treatments T2 and T3 increased the number of oligonitrophilic bacteria and utilization mineral forms of nitrogen on the background of reducing number of ammonifying bacteria. T2 and T3 also decreased the number of nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and net nitrification. In conclusion, our experiments showed that PO combined with mineral fertilizer is one of the most promising compounds for inhibiting nitrification rate, which was reflected in the increased availability and efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen to the cotton plants. PO combined with mineral fertilizer has no negative effects on nitrogen-fixing bacteria Azotobacter and oligo-nitrophilic bacteria.

Microbiological aspects of ammonia oxidation of swine waste

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 918-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. St-Arnaud ◽  
J. -G. Bisaillon ◽  
R. Beaudet
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Swine Waste ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Rotating Biological Contactor ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Inorganic Medium ◽  
Number Of Cells ◽  
Microbiological Aspects

Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were present at 102 MPN/mL (most probable number per millilitre) in swine waste, and they were outnumbered by a factor of 105 by the heterotrophs of the indigenous flora. To study these ammonia-oxidizing bacteria we attempted to isolate them in pure culture. We succeeded in increasing the concentration of these bacteria by successive transfers to an inorganic medium, but the heterotrophs were always dominant. To overcome this problem Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC 19718 was adapted to grow in stabilized swine waste. With this adapted strain it was shown that the number of cells inoculated into swine waste rapidly decreased both under the aerobic conditions used to oxidize the organic matter of swine waste and under the anaerobic conditions found in stored swine waste. Ammonia oxidation was delayed when adapted N. europaea was inoculated into a partially stabilized swine waste as compared with results in a completely stabilized waste. A biofilm of 107 MPN/cm2 of N. europaea was developed after 114 days of incubation at 29 °C on polyvinyl chloride discs covered with geotextile in a rotating biological contactor using an inorganic medium. This biofilm was gradually adapted to stabilized swine waste and the rate of disappearance of ammonia reached 270 mg∙L−1∙day−1 in the compartment of the reactor containing 2.5 L of waste. Key words: amonia-oxidizing bacteria, swine waste, ammonia oxidation, biofilm, most probable number.

Transformation of nitrogen and distribution of nitrogen-related bacteria in a polluted urban stream

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1597-1605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Jiao ◽  
W. B. Jin ◽  
Q. L. Zhao ◽  
G. D. Zhang ◽  
Y. Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Denitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Nitrogen Transformation ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Urban Stream ◽  
Sediment Surface ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Selection Of

Most researchers focused on either nitrogen species or microbial community for polluted urban stream while ignoring the interaction between them and its effect on nitrogen transformation, which restricted the rational selection of an effective and feasible remediation technology. Taking Buji stream in Shenzhen (China) as target stream, the distribution of nitrogen-related bacteria was investigated by most probable number (MPN) besides analysis of nitrogen species etc. The nitrogen-related bacteria in sediment were 102 times richer than those in water. Owing to their faster growth, the MPN of ammonifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria were 105 and 102 times higher than those of nitrifying bacteria, respectively. The ammonifying bacteria numbers were significantly related to BOD5 in water, while nitrifying bacteria in sediment correlated well with nitrate in water. Thus, nitrification occurred mainly in sediment surface and was limited by low proportion of nitrifying bacteria. The denitrifying bacteria in sediment had good relationship with BOD5 and nitrite and nitrate in water. Low DO and rich organic compounds were beneficial to denitrification but unfavourable to nitrification. Denitrification was restricted by low nitrite and nitrate concentration. These results could be served as a reference for implementing the remediation scheme of nitrogen polluted urban stream.

Numbers, activities, and diversity of autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in a freshwater, eutrophic lake sediment

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 828-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. Smorczewski ◽  
E. L. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Lake Sediment ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Eutrophic Lake ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizer ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizers ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Nitrite Oxidizers

The microbiological and chemical potential for ammonia oxidation in a freshwater, eutrophic lake sediment was examined in relation to environmental changes caused by seasonal, dimictic circulation. Poulations of both ammonia and nitrite oxidizers as estimated by most probable number (MPN) were sustained throughout extended anaerobic summer intervals, with nitrite oxidizers outnumbering ammonia oxidizers by a factor ranging from 3.0 to 8.1. Ammonia oxidation potential on a per cell basis was affected by seasonal changes and was seen to decrease as oxygen was removed from the sediments. Pure-culture isolations from a positive MPN tube inoculated with oxygenated sediment and representing a single point in a seasonal cycle produced ammonia-oxidizing strains belonging to the genus Nitrosospira. These strains did not react with known ammonia-oxidizer serotypes and, therefore, extend the serological diversity of this group of bacteria. An immunofluorescence analysis of MPN tubes from sediment collected during a period of lake stratification revealed progressive changes in the diversity of the ammonia-oxidizer population. The genera Nitrosomonas, Nitrosolobus, and Nitrosospira, including the novel serotype of Nitrosospira isolated from the sediment a year earlier, were found to coexist in well-oxygenated sediment. This diversity was seen to disappear, with Nistrosomonas surviving, as anaerobic conditions persisted. Key words: ammonia oxidizers, lake sediments, nitrifiers, nitrification.

Linking nitrification characteristic and microbial community structures in integrated fixed film activated sludge reactor by high-throughput sequencing

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1354-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Dong ◽  
Jie Tan ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Zishan Pang ◽  
Zhongtian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Community Structures ◽  
Microbial Community Structures ◽  
Fixed Film

The primary goal of this study is to investigate ammonia removal, abundance of nitrifying bacteria and microbial community structures in a laboratory-scale integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) reactor. The results of Illumina MiSeq sequencing based on 16S rRNA genes showed Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla in both biofilm and suspended sludge samples in the IFAS reactor. The dominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) species was Nitrosomonas and the dominant nitrite-oxidizing bacteria species was Nitrospira. The contribution of biofilm to ammonia removal increased from 4.0 ± 0.9% to 37.0 ± 2% when the temperature decreased from 25 °C to 10 °C. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result showed the abundance of AOB in suspended sludge was higher than that in biofilm at the same time. However, nitrification is more dependent on attached growth than on suspended growth in the IFAS reactor at 15 °C and 10 °C and the abundance of AOB in biofilm was also higher than that in suspended sludge. The more robust ammonia removal rate at low temperatures by biofilm contributed to the relatively stable ammonia removal, and biofilm attached on carriers in the IFAS reactor is advantageous for nitrification in low-temperature environment.

scholarly journals Enumeration and Inoculation of Nitrifying Bacteria in Soilless Potting Media

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 709-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey J. Lang ◽  
George C. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Counting Efficiency ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Potting Medium ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
Nitrobacter Agilis ◽  
Inoculum Volume ◽  
Rate Limiting

Autotrophic nitrifying organisms were enumerated in soilless potting media using the most probable number (MPN) technique. Populations of NH4+ and NO2- oxidizing organisms varied widely between two soilless media—Metro-Mix 220 and 350. Estimates for NH4+ oxidizing organisms ranged from 0.7 to 7.8 × 105 organisms/cm3, while NO2- oxidizers ranged from 1.3 to 9.5 × 105 organisms/cm3. Population numbers were similar to those typically reported in soils. There was a significant effect of medium type, NH4+ N : NO3- N fertilizer ratio, and planting on MPN counts of both groups of organisms, with significant interaction between several of the factors. Estimates of NH4+ oxidizers were not linearly correlated with NH4+ oxidizing activity, implying low counting efficiency, heterotrophic nitrification, or rate-limiting substrate NH4+ level. In a separate study, a soilless potting medium was inoculated with pure cultures of either Nitrosomonas europaea or Nitrobacter agilis. Rates of NH4+ and NO2- oxidation increased, respectively, as inoculum volume increased. Inoculation with nitrifying bacteria may help in the overall management of N in the rhizosphere and be feasible alternatives for the prevention of either NH4+ or NO2- phytotoxicity with fertilizers containing urea or NH4+.

scholarly journals Comparison of Nitrification Rates in Blueberry and Forest Soils

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Hanson ◽  
Philip A. Throop ◽  
Sedat Serce ◽  
John Ravenscroft ◽  
Eldor A. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Net Nitrification ◽  
Nitrification Potential ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Highbush Blueberries

Highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) are long lived perennial plants that are grown on acidic soils. The goal of this study was to determine how blueberry cultivation might influence the nitrification capacity of acidic soils by comparing the nitrification potential of blueberry soils to adjacent noncultivated forest soils. The net nitrification potential of blueberry and forest soils was compared by treating soils with 15N enriched (NH4)2SO4, and monitoring nitrate (NO3--N) production during a 34-day incubation period in plastic bags at 18 °C. Net nitrification was also compared by an aerobic slurry method. Autotrophic nitrifiers were quantified by the most probable number method. Nitrate production from labeled ammonium (15NH4+) indicated that nitrification was more rapid in blueberry soils than in forest soils from six of the seven study sites. Slurry nitrification assays provided similar results. Blueberry soils also contained higher numbers of nitrifying bacteria compared to forest soils. Nitrification in forest soils did not appear to be limited by availability of NH4+ substrate. Results suggest that blueberry production practices lead to greater numbers of autotrophic nitrifying bacteria and increased nitrification capacity, possibly resulting from annual application of ammonium containing fertilizers.

scholarly journals Βιοαντιδραστήρες μεμβρανών για την επεξεργασία βιομηχανικών λυμάτων

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Παναγιώτα Μπαμπατσούλη
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Probable Number

Στο α μέρος της παρούσας διατριβής μελετάται μια πιλοτική μονάδα βιολογικού καθαρισμού με βιοαντιδραστήρα μεμβρανών, η οποία επεξεργάζεται τα βιομηχανικά απόβλητα που εισέρχονται στις εγκαταστάσεις του βιολογικού της ΒΙ.ΠΕ Ηρακλείου Κρήτης, χωρίς καμμία προεπεξεργασία, πέραν από αυτή της εσχάρωσης. Το συγκεκριμένο απόβλητο χαρακτηρίζεται κυρίως από το πολύ υψηλό οργανικό φορτίo που περιέχει και τις υψηλές διακυμάνσεις στη σύστασή του. Οι αναλύσεις που πραγματοποιήθηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια της διατριβής στο συγκεκριμένο σύστημα αφορούσαν α) την εξέταση της επίδρασης του χρόνου παραμονής της λάσπης στην ποιότητα της εκροής β) τον προσδιορισμό των διαλυτών και δεσμευμένων εξωκυτταρικών πολυμερών που παράγονται στο σύστημα με στόχο την διερεύνηση της επίδρασης του χρόνου παραμονής της λάσπης στην έμφραξη των μεμβρανών και γ) την εξέταση της επίδρασης του υδραυλικού χρόνου παραμονής τόσο στην ποιότητα εξόδου της εκροής, όσο και στη συσσώρευση των εξωκυτταρικών πολυμερών ενώσεων και των διαλυτών μικροβιακών προϊόντων, σε σταθερό χρόνο παραμονής της λάσπης.Επιπλέον στα πλαίσια αυτής της διατριβής και στα ευρύτερα πλαίσια του όρου ‘βιοαντιδραστήρες μεμβρανών’ στο β μέρος εξετάστηκε ένας αντιδραστήρας προσκολλημένης βιομάζας χρησιμοποιώντας ως μέσο ανάπτυξης των μικροοργανισμών ένα πατενταρισμένο ύφασμα με στόχο τη μελέτη της επεξεργασίας ενός συνθετικού αποβλήτου που προσομοιώνει το ‘βιομηχανικό’ απόβλητο που προέρχεται από την έξοδο θαλασσινών υδατοκαλλιεργειών. Με την πάροδο του χρόνου αναπτύχθηκαν βακτήρια πάνω στο ύφασμα του αντιδραστήρα και κατόπιν πραγματοποιήθηκε ο εμβολιασμός του συστήματος με συγκεκριμένο γένος μικροαλγών για την αποτελεσματικότερη λειτουργία του. Οι αναλύσεις οι οποίες πραγματοποιήθηκαν στο συγκεκριμένο σύστημα είχαν ως στόχο: α) τον προσδιορισμό του βέλτιστου χρόνου λειτουργίας της αντλίας του αντιδραστήρα β) την περιγραφή της μικροβιακής κοινότητας που αποτελούσε το βιοφίλμ που αναπτύχθηκε στο ύφασμα του αντιδραστήρα και που προσδιορίστηκε συγκεκριμένα με τη μέθοδο του Pyrosequencing. γ) τον προσδιορισμό του αριθμού των συνολικών κυττάρων των μικροαλγών και των βακτηρίων ανά τετραγωνικό εκατοστό βιοφίλμ που εκτιμήθηκε με βάση τον αλγόριθμο του πιο πιθανού αριθμού (Most Probable Number - MPN) δ) την αποδοτικότητα του συστήματος (όσον αφορά τις απομακρύνσεις οργανικού υλικού, αζώτου και φωσφόρου) σε διάφορες αναλογίες άνθρακα προς άζωτο του τροφοδοτούμενου αποβλήτου ε) την εξέταση της σταθερότητας της βακτηριακής κοινότητας μέσω της τεχνικής της ηλεκροφόρησης σε πολυακρυλαμίδη σε διαβάθμιση αποδιατακτικών μέσων (DGGE) στ) τη σύνδεση συγκεκριμένων ομάδων μικροοργανισμών με την επεξεργασία του αποβλήτου. Η ποσοτικοποίηση του αριθμού γονιδίων πραγματοποιήθηκε με την τεχνική της Real-Time PCR. Συγκεκριμένα πραγματοποιήθηκε ο πολλαπλασιασμός των οξειδωτών αμμωνίας για τα αρχαία (AOA- ammonia oxidizing archaeal) και τα βακτήρια (AOB- ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria) (γονίδιο amoΑ), καθώς και ο πολλαπλασιασμός των γονιδίων απονιτροποίησης nirK, nirS, and nosZ.

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