Groundwater contamination assessment for sustainable water supply in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.R. Khatiwada ◽  
S. Takizawa ◽  
T.V.N. Tran ◽  
M. Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Groundwater Contamination ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Contamination Assessment ◽  
Supply Source ◽  
Deep Wells ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
Iron Manganese

A study was carried out to assess the water quality situation of groundwater sources in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Groundwater has remained to be a major water supply source for a population of 1.5 million at present in the valley. The focus of this study was to evaluate the extent and sources of groundwater contamination. Water sampling was carried out in selected deep wells and shallow sources. The level of pollution was evaluated by comparing the water quality results with WHO guidelines. The major problems with the dug wells, hand pumps and spouts were found to be the elevated nitrate and mercury contents. The deep wells located on the central aquifer were found to have a serious threat of ammonia pollution. Deep wells were also found to have iron, manganese and mercury concentrations exceeding the guideline values. Multivariate statistical analysis was carried out to cluster the sampling sources and identify the common factors describing the potential sources and possible mechanisms associated with the contaminants. The results suggested that disintegration of the sediment organic matter under strong reducing environment leads to the origin of the unusual water qualities at the central confined aquifer. This process may be microbially mediated and occurs with the simultaneous reduction of species such as arsenic, iron, manganese and sulfate. Both natural and anthropogenic water quality problems were observed in the groundwater system of Kathmandu valley. Attention should be focused to consider distinct strategies to address these problems.

The effect of type of water supply on water quality in a developing community in South Africa

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Genthe ◽  
N. Strauss ◽  
J. Seager ◽  
C. Vundule ◽  
F. Maforah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Developing Communities ◽  
Quality Guideline ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Efforts to provide water to developing communities in South Africa have resulted in various types of water supplies being used. This study examined the relationship between the type of water supply and the quality of water used. Source (communal taps, private outdoor and indoor taps) and point-of-use water samples were examined for heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), total and faecal coliforms, E. coli, and coliphages. Ten percent of samples were also analysed for enteric viruses, Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Approximately 320 households were included in a case-control study. In addition, a cross-sectional study was conducted. Both studies examined the relationship between different types of water facilities and diarrhoea among pre-school children. The source water was of good microbial quality, but water quality was found to have deteriorated significantly after handling and storage in both case and control households, exceeding drinking water quality guideline values by 1-6 orders of magnitude. Coliphage counts were low for all water samples tested. Enteric viruses and Cryptosporidium oocysts were not detected. Giardia cysts were detected on one occasion in case and control in-house samples. Comparisons of whether in-house water, after handling and storage, complied with water quality guideline values demonstrated households using communal taps to have significantly poorer quality than households using private outdoor or indoor taps for HPC and E. coli (χ2 = 14.9, P = 0.001; χ2 = 6.6, P = 0.04 respectively). A similar trend (although not statistically significant) was observed for the other microbial indicators. The cross-sectional study demonstrated an apparent decrease in health risk associated with private outdoor taps in comparison to communal taps. This study suggests that a private outdoor tap is the minimum level of water supply in order to ensure the supply of safe water to developing communities.

FORECASTING THE STATE OF THE WATER SUPPLY SOURCE TO ENSURE THE WATER QUALITY

2016 ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Yu. E. Kuvayskova ◽  
E. M. Bulyzhev ◽  
V. N. Klyachkin ◽  
D. S. Bubyr
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
The State ◽  
Supply Source

WATER PURIFICATION FROM BARIUM AND HARDNESS SALTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
Vladimir D. NAZAROV ◽  
Maksim V. NAZAROV ◽  
Anna A. OSIPOVA ◽  
Kirill V. DIMOV ◽  
Maria A. DRYOMINA
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Supply Source ◽  
One Step ◽  
Fi Ltration

The methodology of improvement of drink water quality is developed: hardness salts and barium elimination. Diff erent ways of water purifi cation as electrochemical fi ltration, pulp fi ltration with reactants in one step, pulp fi ltration with reactants in two steps are shown. In the article it is proved that water under study could be raised to sanitary norms 2.1.4.1074-01 only with specifi c purifi cation technology developed for water supply source.

scholarly journals Water quality status of groundwater and municipal water supply (tap water) from Bagmati river basin in Kathmandu valley, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pabitra Bhandari ◽  
Megha Raj Banjara ◽  
Anjana Singh ◽  
Samikshya Kandel ◽  
Deepa Shree Rawal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Municipal Water Supply ◽  
Tube Well ◽  
Bagmati River

Abstract Poor waste management in the Kathmandu valley has deteriorated the water quality of surface and groundwater sources. The objective of this study was to assess the status of water quality (WQ) in drinking water sources of groundwater and municipal supply (tap water) from the Bagmati river basin in Kathmandu valley. A total of 52 water samples from deep tube-well, tube-well, dug-well, and tap water were collected and analyzed for physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters using standard methods. The results revealed that chloride, total hardness (TH), copper, nitrate, sulfate, and turbidity were within the recommendations of the National Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS). Total coliform (TC) bacteria in 84.6% of the samples exceeded drinking water guidelines. Similarly, the isolates of different enteric bacteria, namely Escherichia coli (21.5%), Citrobacter spp. (20.9%), Klebsiella spp. (19.8%), Proteus spp. (13.9%), Enterobacter spp. (8.72%), Salmonella spp. (5.8%), Shigella spp. (5.2%), and Pseudomonas (4.1%) were identified in the samples collected from the respective sources. Out of the 52 water samples, 7.7% of samples had fecal contamination of somatic coliphage. The groundwater and municipal water supply in the study area are not safe for drinking purposes. Treatment of water is required before its use for household applications.

Quality and suitability of harvested rainwater for drinking in Bangladesh

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Rezaul Karim
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Supply Source ◽  
Drinking Water Standard ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Who Guideline

Several programs have been undertaken during the last few years to install rooftop rainwater harvesting systems as an alternative drinking water supply source both in the coastal and arsenic affected areas in Bangladesh. In this study, quality of the harvested rainwater used for drinking water supply was assessed. A total of 308 harvested rainwater samples were collected from the different storage reservoirs located both in coastal and arsenic affected areas and analysed for various physical, chemical and microbial indicators. Most of the physical and chemical water quality parameters were well below the Bangladesh Drinking Water Standard and WHO guideline values. However, the harvested rainwater was found microbiologically contaminated to some extent and the water is not suitable for consumption without treatment. For safe and sustainable rainwater harvesting, WHO guideline and water safely plan (WSP) can be adopted in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Public Water Supply and Sanitation Authorities for Strategic Sustainable Domestic Water Management. A Case of Iringa Region In Tanzania

J ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-466
Author(s):  
Mesia Lufingo
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
Mandatory Service ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Water supply is a mandatory service for the majority from respective legal public water utilities, and its sustainability reflects implementations of best management strategies at a local level. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess current approaches used in water quality and quantity management and (ii) propose a sustainable domestic water management strategy. This was achieved through secondary water data trends, on-site water quality assessments, visits of water supply and sanitation authorities, and assessment of their performances. It was observed that water supplied in rural-based authorities was quite different from that supplied in an urban setting as far as quality and quantity are concerned; urban-based supplies are more affordable to users than rural ones. A new strategy on water management is presented for sustainable water supply; it is based on controlling groundwater abstractions and preference of surface water in public water supplies. Rural water supply management must learn several practices realized in urban supplies for the betterment of services for the majority of the users.

scholarly journals Water Quality at Supply Source and Point of Use in the Kathmandu Valley

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salina SHRESTHA ◽  
Sadhana S. MALLA ◽  
Yoko AIHARA ◽  
Naoki KONDO ◽  
Kei NISHIDA
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Supply Source ◽  
Point Of Use

scholarly journals Status of water quality in Kathmandu valley

2004 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timila Bhaba Singh
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Shallow Wells ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Bagmati River

The surface and subsurface water of the Kathmandu valley has been severely contaminated by various pollutants since the last fifteen years. Many factors have played their role in polluting the rivers and wells of the valley. The water quality monitoring of the Bagmati River and its tributaries revealed a strong seasonal variation. Ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, dissolved Oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids are the main determinants of river water pollution. Similarly, the water samples drawn from various deep tubewells, shallow wells, and springs reveal a remarkable contamination of groundwater. Most of the deep tubewells of the Kathmandu valley consist of a greater amount of ammonia and iron as well as higher turbidity and colour values than those of the WHO guideline values. The water analysis data of the Bagmati River and its tributaries show an increasing contamination trend in the densely populated areas. Minbhawan, The Hanumante Khola, Dhobi Khola, Tukucha, Teku, and the Bishnumati Khola are comparatively more polluted while the Nakhu Khola and Balkhu Khola are less contaminated. The quality of groundwater is also deteriorating day by day due to the inadequate precautions and facilities to treat sewage and wastewater.

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