UV disinfection for reuse applications in North America

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 173-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sakamoto ◽  
D. Schwartzel ◽  
D. Tomowich
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Salt Water Intrusion ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Effluent Quality

In an effort to conserve and protect limited water resources, the States of Florida and California have actively promoted wastewater reclamation and have implemented comprehensive regulations covering a range of reuse applications. Florida has a semi-tropical climate with heavy summer rains that are lost due to run off and evaporation. Much of California is arid and suffers periodic droughts, low annual rainfall and depleted ground water supplies. The high population density combined with heavy irrigation demands has depleted ground water supplies resulting in salt-water intrusion. During the past decade, Florida reuse sites have increased dramatically from 118 to 444 plants representing a total flow capacity of 826 MGD. California presently has over 250 plants producing 1 BGD with a projected increase of 160 sites over the next 20 years. To prevent the transmission of waterborne diseases, disinfection of reclaimed water is controlled by stringent regulations. Many states regulate wastewater treatment processes, nutrient removal, final effluent quality and disinfection criteria based upon the specific reuse application. As a rule, the resulting effluents have low turbidity and suspended solids. For such effluents, UV technology can economically achieve the most stringent disinfection targets that are required by the States of California and Florida for restricted and unrestricted reuse. This paper compares UV disinfection for wastewater reuse sites in California and Florida and discusses the effect of effluent quality on UV disinfection.

scholarly journals Salt Water Intrusion and Delineation of Groundwater Quality at Coastal Aquifers

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1746-1750
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Salt Water Intrusion ◽  
Ground Water Quality ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Water Intrusion

Ground water quality changes or depleting day by day due to various contaminated substances presence in the environment and also other factors influences of excessive drawing of ground water, intrusion of septic sewage, improper dumping of solid waste disposal, untreated industrial effluents, sludge and waste water disposal without giving any treatment and also seasonal changes, etc., all are leads to decrease the quality and depth of ground water table, which leads to cause severe health issues like diarrhea, dysentery, digestive problems etc., on human life. In this contest an attempt has been made to find the ground water quality and also to know the level of contamination presents in Akividu area. About 16 number of ground water samples were collected, which covers the entire area of Akividu, by the estimation of ground water quality parameters includes pH, CO3 , HCO3 , NH3 , NO2 - , DO, Salinity, Hardness, Chlorine ,Total Alkalinity and Total Ammonia, during post monsoon months of October to November 2019. It was found that many of ground water samples have excess amount salinity and hardness and reaming parameters were in permissible range. All these accumulations of salinity (more than 0.5 ppm) and hardness (more than 600 ppm) may cause due to practices of aquaculture near and around the area of Akividu, and hence it is very necessary to done the periodical examination and also need to stop contaminate sources entering into nearby water bodies

UV disinfection of small ground water supplies

1998 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc J. Parrotta ◽  
Faysal Bekdash
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
Water Supplies

scholarly journals Pemodelan Intrusi Air Asin Pada Akuifer Pantai (Studi Kasus: DKI Jakarta)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Salt Water Intrusion ◽  
Confined Aquifer ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Groundwater Use ◽  
Aquifer System

Some main issues related to the management of ground water resources are frequently faced by communities living in coastal areas in Indonesia, especially in the city of Jakarta, such as large population, rapid industrial and business growth, availability of groundwater resource and limitation of PAM (water supply company) capability, and Jakarta's geographic position with its aquifer system bordered by to the coastal. Those fundamental issues caused the saltwater intrusion in Jakarta to fade further into the freshwater aquifers system. The purpose of this study was to analyze the extent of the distribution of saltwater contamination to coastal aquifers in Jakarta so that it could be utilized in the policy formulation of ground water management and clean water management. The method used in this research was literature study, the data used in the form of secondary data and modeling conducted by the open source program well known as FREEWAT.The modeling of salt water intrusion on coastal aquifer of Jakarta was conducted into five model scenarios, namely (1) reduction of 50% of ground-water use, (2) reduction of 50% of groundwater use, (3) existing groundwater use in 2012, (4) increase of 25% of groundwater use, and (5) increase of 50% of groundwater use. From the modeling results, they were obtained the distribution of saltwater contamination on each layer of the aquifer of Jakarta. In unconfined aquifer the existing condition is scenario 3 intrusion as far as 1,604 m, on scenario 1 there is an intrusion decrease of 38%, in scenario 2 there is an intrusion decrease of 13%, in scenario 4 there is an increase in intrusion by 17% and on scenario 5 increase intrusion by 25%. In upper confined aquifer, the existing condition, namely scenario 3, has occurred as much as 1.809 m intrusion, in scenario 1 there is an intrusion decrease of 23%, in scenario 2 there is an intrusion decrease of 8%, in scenario 4 there is an increase in intrusion by 19% and in scenario 5 in-crease intrusion by 26%. In middle confined aquifer, the existing condition is scenario 3, 1.927 m intrusion occurs, on the scenario 1 there is an intru-sion decrease of 23%, in scenario 2 there is an intrusion decrease of 9%, in scenario 4 there is an increase in intrusion by 16% and in the scenario 5 increase intrusion by 22%.

Simulation of Regional Ground Water Flow and Salt Water Intrusion in Hernando County, Florida

Ground Water ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 772-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varut Guvanasen ◽  
Shirley C. Wade ◽  
Mark D. Barcelo
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Salt Water Intrusion ◽  
Ground Water Flow ◽  
Water Intrusion

scholarly journals A study of salt water intrusion in the Kallada river, south west coast of Kerala, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Chithra ◽  
Sabu Joseph ◽  
N. Kannan
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
River System ◽  
Salt Water Intrusion ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Water Intrusion ◽  
Physico Chemical

Abstract Munroe Island in Kollam District of Kerala is a typical backwater village situated at the confluence of the Ashtamudi backwater and the Kallada river system. It is an amalgamation of eight small islands with a total area of 13.4 sq. km. Salinity intrusion has been a serious threat in the downstream areas of Kallada river for more than one and half decades, affecting the groundwater quality of Munroe Island. The present study focuses on the seasonal variation in physico-chemical characteristics of the underground water system of Munroe island and Kallada river with special reference to saline water intrusion. Physico-chemical analysis of ground water revealed that samples were unsuitable for drinking due to higher content of Na, Ca, and K. Microbiological analysis of island groundwater showed the presence of coliform and E-coli bacteria above the permissible limit. Results indicated a significant correlation between salinity and major anions viz., Cl− and SO42 and cations viz., Mg, Na, Ca, and K of both river surface and island groundwater. In the present study it is clearly evident the occurrence of salt water intrusion in Kallada river from Ashtamudy lake and the its severity become higher during premonsoon season. The results also indicated that the salinity increase in kallada river has a negative impact on island ground water quality. The paper also suggest suitable management strategies for overcoming the salt water intrusion thereby upgrading island sustainability.

scholarly journals ANALISIS TERHADAP PERUBAHAN SALINITAS AIR TANAH DANGKAL PADA SISTEM AKUIFER TAK TERTEKAN CEKUNGAN JAKARTA

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robertus Haryoto Indriatmoko
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Salt Water Intrusion ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Water Intrusion ◽  
Graphic Analysis ◽  
Salinity Data ◽  
Salinity Levels

The study on ground water salinity changes in unconfine aquifer system, is the study of hydrostatic equilibrium between the fresh ground water and salty ground water, aquifer unconfine restricted to coastal. The main objective of the aspects examined, namely: (i) To identify the level of intrusion of sea water in the basin aquifer system taktertekan Jakarta. The purpose and methodology of the study are as follows: (i) The primary data (1995-2009) and secondary (2010), including salinity data attributes, including ground water level, coordinates (UTM) and groundwater salinity levels (ii). Regression analysis of the relationship between the data (EC, Cl- and TDS). (Iii). Analysis of the period 1995-2010 salinity map using GIS and graphic analysis. (Iv). The focus of the analysis in three zones transection (ZT), namely ZT-I west, ZT-II central and eastern ZT-III was unconfine aquifer system in the Jakarta basin. The conclusion of this study are: (i) Variable Cl- and TDS have a strong correlation to predict EC using the following equation Y = 3.45 X + 517.80 (R2 = 0.88) for the DHL and TDS = 1, 86 X + 132.86 (R2 = 0.99) , (ii) based on the results of the analysis of the level of sea water intrusion during the period 1995-2010 (15 years), the intrusion of sea water has reached 8 km from the coast in the ZT-III, in ZT-II reaches 5 km and at ZT-I at 4.8 km from the coastal. Analysis of the development of the distance from shore limit saltwater intrusion since 1982 for 28 years can be calculated that the rate of salt water intrusion in the transection zone I is 0.1 km/year, the transection zone II is 0.06 km/year and in the zone transecting III is 0.11 km/year. The main cause of major intrusion of sea water into the aquifer system of the mainland is the amount of groundwater pumping against excessive.Keywords :  salt water intrusion, unconfine aquifer, aquifer system, Jakarta basin, recharge, salinity, electrical conductivity.

scholarly journals Geoelektrisk Kortlægning af Limfjordsengene ved Vester Hasing

1962 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 1-63
Author(s):  
Birthe Dinesen
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Salt Water Intrusion ◽  
Connate Water ◽  
Water Intrusion ◽  
Rock Samples ◽  
Saline Waters ◽  
Laboratory Results

The present publication deals with a combined geoelectrical and geohydrological survey in the Limfjord area east of Aalborg, Denmark.The geology and hydrology of the area is described. The area is characterized by its variety of the geohydrological conditions. The sediments are mainly of Quaternary age. The ground water comprise both fresh and saline waters, the salinity being due to salt water intrusion from the Limfjord, and probably occurrences of connate water of Pleistocene and Holocene age.Some general conclusions concerning resistivity of the clay and sand deposits are drawn on the basis of determinations of salinity and conductivity of suspensions of rock samples from drilled wells and of solutions corresponding to some of the water analyses.Finally the geoelectrical field measurements are discussed and compared with the laboratory results.

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