Runoff characteristics of major ionic species during rain events in forested watershed

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
A. Y. Komai ◽  
S. Umemoto ◽  
T. Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
Forested Watershed ◽  
Output Surface ◽  
Opposite Change ◽  
Subsurface Runoff ◽  
Anions And Cations ◽  
Rain Events

The runoff characteristics of major ionic species from a stream in a forested watershed were investigated during two rain events. The values of EC and the concentrations of alkalinity, anions and cations, except for NO3−, decreased according to the increase of discharge, and showed a sharp lower peak. On the other hand, the concentrations of NO3− and K+ indicated an opposite change. The amount of output of anions and cations was also larger than those of the input, especially in a storm event. During a storm event, the NO3− concentrations in soil water 20 cm deep taken by a tension lysimeter were not detected, even though the surface soil of 0-5 cm deep included 20 to 50 mg/kg of NO3−. The direct contribution for NO3− concentrations by suspended solids in water was estimated through three percentages of the stream water output. Surface runoff was also not observed. These results suggest that the prompt subsurface runoff of the direct runoff from surface layer of soil may be predominant during rainfall in the forested area, and the increase of NO3− concentrations in the stream may be caused through the process.

Budgets of major ionic species and nutrients on a dam reservoir in forested watershed

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Komai ◽  
S. Umemoto ◽  
Y. Takeda ◽  
T. Inoue ◽  
A. Imai
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Forested Watershed ◽  
Bulk Precipitation ◽  
Dam Reservoir ◽  
Average Precipitation ◽  
Investigation Period ◽  
Rain Events

To evaluate the role of a dam reservoir in the runoff of pollutant loadings from a forested watershed, the input–output budgets in the Ikuno dam reservoir had been investigated for eight years since 1996. The T-N, T-P, TOC and major ionic species in the bulk precipitation, stream water, and outflow were measured. The residence time calculated by using the data of the inflow and outflow was 0.3 year. The average precipitation was 1,772 mm during the investigation period (1996–2004). The direct deposition to water surface was less than one percentage to total loadings of nutrients and major ionic species. The ratios of output to input of TOC, TN, and TP were 1.04 to 1.42, and those of major ionic species were from 0.83 to 0.99 except for NO3−, which was 1.12. However, the ratios of output to input of major ionic species except for NO3− at the Ikuno dam reservoir will be larger, and those of NO3−, TOC, TN, and TP will be smaller, if we also include rain events. These results suggested that the dam reservoir played a role as a sink for pollutants in forested watershed, and that the pollutant loadings to downstream may decrease.

scholarly journals Using GIS for assessing stream water chemistry in a forested watershed

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Akiyuki KAWASAKI ◽  
Reiji FUJIMAKI ◽  
Nobuhiro KANEKO ◽  
Satoru SADOHARA
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Forested Watershed ◽  
Stream Water Chemistry

Overland flow during a storm event strongly affects stream water chemistry and bacterial community structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huong T. Le ◽  
Thomas Pommier ◽  
Olivier Ribolzi ◽  
Bounsamay Soulileuth ◽  
Sylvain Huon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Bacterial Community Structure ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
Stream Water Chemistry

scholarly journals Regional Comparison of Nitrogen Export to Japanese Forest Streams

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 572-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideaki Shibata ◽  
Koichiro Kuraji ◽  
Hiroto Toda ◽  
Kaichiro Sasa
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
N Saturation ◽  
Atmospheric N Deposition ◽  
Forested Watersheds ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
Forest Streams

Nitrogen (N) emissions in Asian countries are predicted to increase over the next several decades. An understanding of the mechanisms that control temporal and spatial fluctuation of N export to forest streams is important not only to quantify critical loads of N, N saturation status, and soil acidification N dynamics and budgets in Japanese forested watersheds is not clear due to the lack of regional comparative studies on stream N chemistry. To address the lack of comparative studies, we measured inorganic N (nitrate and ammonium) concentrations from June 2000 to May 2001 in streams in 18 experimental forests located throughout the Japanese archipelago and belonging to the Japanese Union of University Forests. N concentrations in stream water during base flow and high flow periods were monitored, and N mineralization potential in soil was measured using batch incubation experiments. Higher nitrate concentrations in stream water were present in central Japan, an area that receives high rates of atmospheric N deposition. In northern Japan, snowmelt resulted in increased nitrate concentrations in stream water. The potential net N mineralization rate was higher in surface soil than in subsurface soil, and the high potential for N mineralization in the surface soil partly contributed to the increase in nitrate concentration in stream water during a storm event. Regional differences in the atmospheric N deposition and seasonality of precipitation and high discharge are principal controls on the concentrations and variations of nitrates in stream water in forested watersheds of Japan.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Hydrologic Benefits of a Bioswale in Brunswick County, North Carolina (NC), USA

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Purvis ◽  
Ryan J. Winston ◽  
William F. Hunt ◽  
Brian Lipscomb ◽  
Karthik Narayanaswamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
Design Storm ◽  
State Highway ◽  
The Media ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
The One ◽  
Stormwater Control

Bioswales are a promising stormwater control measure (SCM) for roadway runoff management, but few studies have assessed performance on a field scale. A bioswale is a vegetated channel with underlying engineered media and a perforated underdrain to promote improved hydrologic and water quality treatment. A bioswale with a rip-rap lined forebay was constructed along state highway NC 211 in Bolivia, North Carolina, USA, and monitored for 12 months. Thirty-seven of the 39 monitored rain events exfiltrated into underlying soils, resulting in no appreciable overflow or underdrain volume. The bioswale completely exfiltrated a storm event of 86.1 mm. The one event to have underdrain-only flow was 4.8 mm. The largest and third-largest rainfall depth events (82.6 and 146 mm, respectively) had a large percentage (85%) of volume exfiltrated, but also had appreciable overflow and underdrain volumes exiting the bioswale, resulting in no peak flow mitigation. Overall, this bioswale design was able to capture and manage storms larger than the design storm (38 mm), showing the positive hydrologic performance that can be achieved by this bioswale. The high treatment capabilities were likely due to the high infiltration rate of the media and the underlying soil, longer forebay underlain with media, gravel detention layer with an underdrain, and shallow slope.

Influences of forested watershed conditions on fluctuations in stream water temperature with special reference to watershed area and forest type

Limnology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luki Subehi ◽  
Takehiko Fukushima ◽  
Yuichi Onda ◽  
Shigeru Mizugaki ◽  
Takashi Gomi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Forested Watershed ◽  
Watershed Area

scholarly journals Stem Flow, Throughfall, and Canopy Interception of Rainfall by Citrus Tree Canopies

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1059-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.C. Li ◽  
A.K. Alva ◽  
D.V. Calvert ◽  
M. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Citrus Tree ◽  
Canopy Interception ◽  
Canopy Effect ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Stem Flow ◽  
Citrus Cultivar ◽  
Rain Events

It is generally believed that the interception of rain by the citrus tree canopy can substantially decrease the throughfall under the canopy as compared to that along the dripline or outside the canopy (incident rainfall). Therefore, the position of placement of soil-applied agrichemicals in relation to the tree canopy may be an important consideration to minimize their leaching during rain events. In this study, the distributions of rainfall under the tree canopies of three citrus cultivars, `Marsh' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.), `Hamlin' orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), and `Temple' orange (Citrus hybrid), were evaluated at four directions (north, south, east, west), two positions (dripline and under the canopy), and stem flow. There was not a significant canopy effect on rainfall amounts from stem flow or dripline, compared with outside canopy, for any citrus cultivar or storm event. However, throughfall varied significantly among the four cardinal directions under the canopy of all three citrus cultivars and was highly related to the wind direction. Among the three citrus cultivars evaluated in this study, throughfall, stem flow, and canopy interception accounted for 89.5% to 92.7%, 0.5% to 4.7%, and 5.8% to 9.3% of the incident rainfall, respectively.

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