scholarly journals Regional Comparison of Nitrogen Export to Japanese Forest Streams

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 572-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideaki Shibata ◽  
Koichiro Kuraji ◽  
Hiroto Toda ◽  
Kaichiro Sasa
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
N Saturation ◽  
Atmospheric N Deposition ◽  
Forested Watersheds ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
Forest Streams

Nitrogen (N) emissions in Asian countries are predicted to increase over the next several decades. An understanding of the mechanisms that control temporal and spatial fluctuation of N export to forest streams is important not only to quantify critical loads of N, N saturation status, and soil acidification N dynamics and budgets in Japanese forested watersheds is not clear due to the lack of regional comparative studies on stream N chemistry. To address the lack of comparative studies, we measured inorganic N (nitrate and ammonium) concentrations from June 2000 to May 2001 in streams in 18 experimental forests located throughout the Japanese archipelago and belonging to the Japanese Union of University Forests. N concentrations in stream water during base flow and high flow periods were monitored, and N mineralization potential in soil was measured using batch incubation experiments. Higher nitrate concentrations in stream water were present in central Japan, an area that receives high rates of atmospheric N deposition. In northern Japan, snowmelt resulted in increased nitrate concentrations in stream water. The potential net N mineralization rate was higher in surface soil than in subsurface soil, and the high potential for N mineralization in the surface soil partly contributed to the increase in nitrate concentration in stream water during a storm event. Regional differences in the atmospheric N deposition and seasonality of precipitation and high discharge are principal controls on the concentrations and variations of nitrates in stream water in forested watersheds of Japan.

scholarly journals N fluxes in two nitrogen saturated forested catchments in Germany: dynamics and modelling with INCA

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-J. Langusch ◽  
E. Matzner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
N Saturation ◽  
Atmospheric N Deposition ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Forested Catchments ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Fluxes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The N cycle in forests of the temperate zone in Europe has been changed substantially by the impact of atmospheric N deposition. Here, the fluxes and concentrations of mineral N in throughfall, soil solution and runoff in two German catchments, receiving high N inputs are investigated to test the applicability of an Integrated Nitrogen Model for European Catchments (INCA) to small forested catchments. The Lehstenbach catchment (419 ha) is located in the German Fichtelgebirge (NO Bavaria, 690-871 m asl.) and is stocked with Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) of different ages. The Steinkreuz catchment (55 ha) with European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) as the dominant tree species is located in the Steigerwald (NW Bavaria, 400-460 m asl.). The mean annual N fluxes with throughfall were slightly higher at the Lehstenbach (24.6 kg N ha-1) than at the Steinkreuz (20.4 kg N ha-1). In both catchments the N fluxes in the soil are dominated by NO3. At Lehstenbach, the N output with seepage at 90 cm soil depth was similar to the N flux with throughfall. At Steinkreuz more than 50 % of the N deposited was retained in the upper soil horizons. In both catchments, the NO3 fluxes with runoff were lower than those with seepage. The average annual NO3 concentrations in runoff in both catchments were between 0.7 to 1.4 mg NO3-N L-1 and no temporal trend was observed. The N budgets at the catchment scale indicated similar amounts of N retention (Lehstenbach: 19 kg N ha-1yr-1 ; Steinkreuz: 17 kg N ha-1yr-1). The parameter settings of the INCA model were simplified to reduce the model complexity. In both catchments, the NO3 concentrations and fluxes in runoff were matched well by the model. The seasonal patterns with lower NO3 runoff concentrations in summer at the Lehstenbach catchment were replicated. INCA underestimated the increased N3 concentrations during short periods of rewetting in late autumn at the Steinkreuz catchment. The model will be a helpful tool for the calculation of "critical loads" for the N deposition in Central European forests including different hydrological regimes. Keywords: forest ecosystem, modelling, N budgets, N saturation, NO3 leaching, water quality, INCA

Nitrate in soil water in three Norway spruce stands in southwest Sweden as related to N-deposition and soil, stand, and foliage properties

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 836-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Örjan Nohrstedt ◽  
Ulf Sikström ◽  
Eva Ring ◽  
Torgny Näsholm ◽  
Peter Högberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Saturation ◽  
Potential Nitrification ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
The Difference

N-cycling was studied at three Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.) sites located within a distance of 30 km in southwest Sweden. Nitrate concentrations in soil water at 50-cm depth differed substantially between the three sites, annual site means being 0, 1, and 9 mg N•L−1. Using simulated runoff, the leaching of inorganic N from the two sites with the highest concentrations was estimated at, respectively, 7–8 and 19–30 kg•ha−1 during the hydrological year 1991–1992. The N-deposition measured as throughfall was 31 kg•ha−1 on the second site, suggesting that it was close to being N-saturated. The differences in nitrate concentration and estimated leaching across sites were not related to differences in forest growth or suggested symptoms of forest decline, such as canopy defoliation and nutrient deficiency. Nitrate concentrations were unrelated to N-deposition in an open field, but positively related to N-deposition in throughfall. However, the difference in N-leaching between the two main sites was much larger than the difference in N-deposition in throughfall. The difference in leaching seemed related to soil conditions. The soil with the highest leaching had the largest potential nitrification and a low C/N ratio (17–20) in the upper part of the profile. Nitrate concentrations in the soil water were positively related to the concentrations of arginine and 15N in foliage, which supports the use of these two variables as indicators of forests approaching N-saturation.

scholarly journals Trends in nitrogen deposition and leaching in acid-sensitive streams in Europe

2001 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Wright ◽  
C. Alewell ◽  
J. M. Cullen ◽  
C. D. Evans ◽  
A. Marchetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Nitrogen Saturation ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
N Saturation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
Long Term Trends

Abstract. Long-term records of nitrogen in deposition and streamwater were analysed at 30 sites covering major acid sensitive regions in Europe. Large regions of Europe have received high inputs of inorganic nitrogen for the past 20 - 30 years, with an approximate 20% decline in central and northern Europe during the late 1990s. Nitrate concentrations in streamwaters are related to the amount of N deposition. All sites with less than 10 kgN ha-1 yr-1 deposition have low concentrations of nitrate in streamwater, whereas all sites receiving > 25 kgN ha-1 yr-1 have elevated concentrations. Very few of the sites exhibit significant trends in nitrate concentrations; similar analyses on other datasets also show few significant trends. Nitrogen saturation is thus a process requiring many decades, at least at levels of N deposition typical for Europe. Declines in nitrate concentrations at a few sites may reflect recent declines in N deposition. The overall lack of significant trends in nitrate concentrations in streams in Europe may be the result of two opposing factors. Continued high deposition of nitrogen (above the 10 kgN ha-1 yr-1 threshold) should tend to increase N saturation and give increased nitrate concentrations in run-off, whereas the decline in N deposition over the past 5 – 10 years in large parts of Europe should give decreased nitrate concentrations in run-off. Short and long-term variations in climate affect nitrate concentrations in streamwater and, thus, contribute "noise" which masks long-term trends. Empirical data for geographic pattern and long-term trends in response of surface waters to changes in N deposition set the premises for predicting future contributions of nitrate to acidification of soils and surface waters. Quantification of processes governing nitrogen retention and loss in semi-natural terrestrial ecosystems is a scientific challenge of increasing importance. Keywords: Europe, acid deposition, nitrogen, saturation, recovery, water

scholarly journals Nitrogen balance of a boreal Scots pine forest

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1083-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. J. Korhonen ◽  
M. Pihlatie ◽  
J. Pumpanen ◽  
H. Aaltonen ◽  
P. Hari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Saturation ◽  
Atmospheric N Deposition ◽  
Drainage Flow ◽  
Nutrient Pools

Abstract. The productivity of boreal forests is considered to be limited by low nitrogen (N) availability. Increased atmospheric N deposition has altered the functioning and N cycling of these N-sensitive ecosystems by increasing the availability of reactive nitrogen. The most important components of N pools and fluxes were measured in a boreal Scots pine stand in Hyytiälä, Southern Finland. The measurements at the site allowed direct estimations of nutrient pools in the soil and biomass, inputs from the atmosphere and outputs as drainage flow and gaseous losses from two micro-catchments. N was accumulating in the system, mainly in woody biomass, at a rate of 7 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Nitrogen input as atmospheric deposition was 7.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Dry deposition and organic N in wet deposition contributed over half of the inputs in deposition. Total outputs were 0.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1, the most important outputs being N2O emission to the atmosphere and organic N flux in drainage flow. Nitrogen uptake and retranslocation were equally important sources of N for plant growth. Most of the assimilated N originated from decomposition of organic matter, and the fraction of N that could originate directly from deposition was about 30%. In conclusion, atmospheric N deposition fertilizes the site considerably, but there are no signs of N saturation. Further research is needed to estimate soil N2 fluxes (emission and fixation), which may amount up to several kg N ha−1 yr−1.

Declines in soil-water nitrate in nitrogen-saturated watersheds

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 1931-1942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela J Edwards ◽  
Karl WJ Williard
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Nitrogen Saturation ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Soil Leachate ◽  
Forested Watersheds ◽  
Central Appalachians ◽  
Soil Ecosystems ◽  
Nitrogen Inputs ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations

Two forested watersheds (WS3 and WS9) in the central Appalachians were artificially acidified with ammonium sulfate fertilizer. WS9 was treated for 8 years, whereas WS3 has been treated for approximately 15 years. Soil leachate was collected from a depth of 46 cm (B horizon) in WS9 and below the A, B, and C horizons in WS3. Nitrate concentrations from WS3 increased for approximately 10–12 years (depending upon horizon) and then did not increase from 2000 through 2003 despite continued fertilizer treatments. Nitrate concentrations in WS9 soil water increased for the first 3 years of fertilization, and then declined for another 2 years. After that time, the concentrations remained relatively constant at approximately 15 µequiv.·L–1; this period of low nitrate concentrations included 2.3 years of fertilization followed by 8.2 years of no fertilization. Stream-water nitrate concentrations from both watersheds indicate they were in stage 2 of nitrogen saturation; however, the soil-water nitrate behavior observed within the setting of continued elevated nitrogen inputs is at odds with responses predicted in current nitrogen saturation theory. We believe that the cessation of nitrate increases in at least the B and C horizons were due primarily to abiotic retention, with recalcitrant forms of dissolved organic carbon providing the carbon needed to induce retention. These results show that nitrogen cycling in forest soil ecosystems is more complex than current nitrogen saturation theory suggests.

ATMOSPHERIC N DEPOSITION TO THE COASTAL AREA OF THE BLACK SEA: SOURCES, INTRA-ANNUAL VARIATIONS AND IMPORTANCE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF THE SURFACE LAYER

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla Varenik ◽  
Alla Varenik ◽  
Sergey Konovalov ◽  
Sergey Konovalov
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Local Source ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Atmospheric N Deposition ◽  
Urban Location

Atmospheric precipitations can be an important source of nutrients to open and coastal zones of marine ecosystem. Jickells [1] has published that atmospheric depositions can sup-port 5-25% of nitrogen required to primary production. Bulk atmospheric precipitations have been collected in a rural location at the Black Sea Crimean coast – Katsiveli settlement, and an urban location – Sevastopol city. Samples have been analyzed for inorganic fixed nitrogen (IFN) – nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium. Deposi-tions have been calculated at various space and time scales. The monthly volume weighted mean concentration of IFN increases from summer to winter in both locations. A significant local source of IFN has been revealed for the urban location and this source and its spatial influence have been quantified. IFN deposition with atmospheric precipitations is up to 5% of its background content in the upper 10 m layer of water at the north-western shelf of the Black Sea. Considering Redfield C:N ratio (106:16) and the rate of primary production (PP) in coastal areas of the Black Sea of about 100-130 g C m-2 year-1 we have assessed that average atmospheric IFN depositions may intensify primary production by 4.5% for rural locations, but this value is increased many-fold in urban locations due to local IFN sources.

ATMOSPHERIC N DEPOSITION TO THE COASTAL AREA OF THE BLACK SEA: SOURCES, INTRA-ANNUAL VARIATIONS AND IMPORTANCE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF THE SURFACE LAYER

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla Varenik ◽  
Alla Varenik ◽  
Sergey Konovalov ◽  
Sergey Konovalov
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Local Source ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Atmospheric N Deposition ◽  
Urban Location

Atmospheric precipitations can be an important source of nutrients to open and coastal zones of marine ecosystem. Jickells [1] has published that atmospheric depositions can sup-port 5-25% of nitrogen required to primary production. Bulk atmospheric precipitations have been collected in a rural location at the Black Sea Crimean coast – Katsiveli settlement, and an urban location – Sevastopol city. Samples have been analyzed for inorganic fixed nitrogen (IFN) – nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium. Deposi-tions have been calculated at various space and time scales. The monthly volume weighted mean concentration of IFN increases from summer to winter in both locations. A significant local source of IFN has been revealed for the urban location and this source and its spatial influence have been quantified. IFN deposition with atmospheric precipitations is up to 5% of its background content in the upper 10 m layer of water at the north-western shelf of the Black Sea. Considering Redfield C:N ratio (106:16) and the rate of primary production (PP) in coastal areas of the Black Sea of about 100-130 g C m-2 year-1 we have assessed that average atmospheric IFN depositions may intensify primary production by 4.5% for rural locations, but this value is increased many-fold in urban locations due to local IFN sources.

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