The Noell Conversion Process – a gasification process for the pollutant-free disposal of sewage sludge and the recovery of energy and materials

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jaeger ◽  
M. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Conversion Process ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Free Disposal ◽  
Dioxins And Furans ◽  
Wide Range

The Noell Conversion Process was developed to guarantee the safe disposal of sewage sludge and other waste materials by means of thermal treatment, evenwith very strict emission standards. The center piece of this process is a pressurized entrained flow gasifier. The reactin conditions in this gasifier does not only suppresses the formation of dioxins and furans, but also completely destroys any dioxins and furans contained in the waste materials. Another advantage of the Noell Conversion Process referring the thermal treatment of sewage sludge is the recovery of marketable substances such as synthesis gas, sulphur and vitrified slag. To demonstrate this advanced technology in the field of sewage sludge treatment, Noell-KRC has built a pilot plant in Freiberg/Germany. This plant was designed for a throughput of 0.5 Mg/h (dry base) of sewage sludge. During the operation of the plant from 1996 until 1998, it was possible to demonstrate that there are no problems with emissions of heavy metals like Mercury or organic components like Dioxins and Furans. The H2 rich gas produced in the process can be utilized as a power source. The vitrified slag produced in the process is of a quality suitable for use as a construction material with a wide range of applications.

Plasma Gasification: A Proven Technology

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyam V. Dighe
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Hazardous Waste ◽  
Synthesis Gas ◽  
Plasma Gasification ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Environmentally Responsible

Plasma gasification is an efficient and environmentally responsible form of thermal treatment of wastes. In the plasma gasification process, extremely high temperature gases are used to break down the molecular structure of complex carboncontaining materials — such as municipal solid waste (MSW), tires, hazardous waste and sewage sludge — and convert them into synthesis gas (syngas) containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide that can be used to generate power or other sustainable sources of energy. Gasification occurs in an oxygen starved environment so the waste is gasified, not incinerated.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the possibility of the sewage sludge gasification gas use as a fuel

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Werle ◽  
Mariusz Dudziak
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Burning Velocity ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Laminar Burning Velocity ◽  
Gas Combustion ◽  
Reducing Atmosphere ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Gas Utilization ◽  
Dioxins And Furans

Abstract Biomass is one of the major sources of energy that is estimated to contribute between 10% and 14% of the world’s energy supply. Over the past several years, many societies have established policy targets to increase their production of renewable energy from biomass. The thermo-chemical utilization of biomass includes 4 technologies: the most popular combustion and co-firing, and unconventional: pyrolysis and gasification. Gasification is considered to be the perspective technology because has many advantages in comparison to traditional process of combustion: (1) limited emission of the SO2, NOx, oxides of the heavy metals and no risk of the dioxins and furans emission due to reducing atmosphere in the gasification reactor, (2) volume of the gasification gas is smaller in comparison to flue gases from combustion due to the reducing atmosphere, (3) gasification process produce gas which is potential gaseous fuel in power engineering (engines, gas turbines and boilers) and chemistry. Unfortunately, composition of the gasification gas is always described as a variable. Moreover, it depends on the conditions of the process and quality of the base fuel. For this reason, the use of gasification gas can’t be very easy. For this reason, the knowledge of the basic properties of the gas is very important. Laminar burning velocity is assumed as an important quantity for in the process of the design equipment for the gas utilization. The numerical and experimental results of the laminar burning velocity of sewage sludge gasification gases were presented. Experimental Bunsen burner method was used. Cosilab 3© software for numerical analysis was used. GRI-Mech 3.0 mechanism of gas oxidation was implemented. As a result of the work, the set of the parameters where the sewage sludge gasification gas combustion process is stable with effective heat release, were presented.

scholarly journals Waste Rubber Recycling: A Review on the Evolution and Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomers

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Fazli ◽  
Denis Rodrigue
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Thermoplastic Elastomers ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Polymer Waste ◽  
Waste Rubber ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rubber Recycling ◽  
Thermoplastic Resins

Currently, plastics and rubbers are broadly being used to produce a wide range of products for several applications like automotive, building and construction, material handling, packaging, toys, etc. However, their waste (materials after their end of life) do not degrade and remain for a long period of time in the environment. The increase of polymeric waste materials’ generation (plastics and rubbers) in the world led to the need to develop suitable methods to reuse these waste materials and decrease their negative effects by simple disposal into the environment. Combustion and landfilling as traditional methods of polymer waste elimination have several disadvantages such as the formation of dust, fumes, and toxic gases in the air, as well as pollution of underground water resources. From the point of energy consumption and environmental issues, polymer recycling is the most efficient way to manage these waste materials. In the case of rubber recycling, the waste rubber can go through size reduction, and the resulting powders can be melt blended with thermoplastic resins to produce thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) compounds. TPE are multi-functional polymeric materials combining the processability of thermoplastics and the elasticity of rubbers. However, these materials show poor mechanical performance as a result of the incompatibility and immiscibility of most polymer blends. Therefore, the main problem associated with TPE production from recycled materials via melt blending is the low affinity and interaction between the thermoplastic matrix and the crosslinked rubber. This leads to phase separation and weak adhesion between both phases. In this review, the latest developments related to recycled rubbers in TPE are presented, as well as the different compatibilisation methods used to improve the adhesion between waste rubbers and thermoplastic resins. Finally, a conclusion on the current situation is provided with openings for future works.

scholarly journals Applying Mixture of Municipal Incinerator Bottom Ash and Sewage Sludge Ash for Ceramic Tile Manufacturing

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 3863
Author(s):  
Deng-Fong Lin ◽  
Wei-Jhu Wang ◽  
Chia-Wen Chen ◽  
Kuo-Liang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Ceramic Tile ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Sewage Sludge Ash ◽  
Kiln Temperature ◽  
Sludge Ash

Municipal incinerator bottom ash (MIBA) and sewage sludge ash (SSA) are secondary wastes produced from municipal incinerators. Landfills, disposal at sea, and agricultural use have been the major outlets for these secondary wastes. As global emphasis on sustainability arises, many have called for an increasing reuse of waste materials as valuable resources. In this study, MIBA and SSA were mixed with clay for ceramic tile manufacturing in this study. Raw materials firstly went through TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) to ensure their feasibility for reuse. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM), clay’s smooth surface was contrasted with the porous surface of MIBA and SSA, which led to a higher water requirement for the mixing. Specimens with five MIBA mix percentages of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (wt) and three SSA mix percentages of 0%, 10%, and 20% (wt) were made to compare how the two waste materials affected the quality of the final product and to what extent. Shrinkage tests showed that MIBA and SSA contributed oppositely to tile shrinkage, as more MIBA reduced tile shrinkage, while more SSA encouraged tile shrinkage. However, as the kiln temperature reached 1150 °C, the SiO2-rich SSA adversely reduced the shrinkage due to the glass phase that formed to expand the tile instead. Both MIBA and SSA increased water tile absorption and reduced its bending strength and wear resistance. Increasing the kiln temperature could effectively improve the water absorption, bending strength, and wear resistance of high MIBA and SSA mixes, as SEM showed a more compact structure at higher temperatures. However, when the temperature reached 1100 °C, more pores appeared and seemingly exhausted the benefit brought by the higher temperature. Complex interactions between kiln temperature and MIBA/SSA mix percentage bring unpredictable performance of tile shrinkage, bending strength, and water absorption, which makes it very challenging to create a sample meeting all the specification requirements. We conclude that a mix with up to 20% of SSA and 5% of MIBA could result in quality tiles meeting the requirements for interior or exterior flooring applications when the kiln temperature is carefully controlled.

Consolidation of cement-treated sewage sludge using vertical drains

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 528-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Chu ◽  
M H Goi ◽  
T T Lim
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Model Tests ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Prefabricated Vertical Drains ◽  
Vertical Drains ◽  
Treated Sewage ◽  
The World

The disposal of sewage sludge and other waste materials has become a problem in many cities around the world. A study on the use of sewage sludge and other waste materials for land reclamation has been conducted. One of the methods studied is to dispose of the sludge after it has been mixed with binders or other waste materials and then to consolidate the mixture on site using surcharge and prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs). To study the consolidation behaviour of the sludge–binder mixtures around PVDs, model tests using a fully instrumented consolidation tank were conducted. Some of the test results are presented in this paper. The study shows that PVDs are effective in consolidating the sludge and binder mixtures, provided that the PVDs used can sustain large bending and resist corrosion by the chemicals in the sludge.Key words: consolidation, geoenvironmental, land reclamation, prefabricated vertical drains.

Increasing Hardness of Surface Layer of Low-Carbon Steel by Account of Plasma Treatment of Coating Modification

2021 ◽  
Vol 316 ◽  
pp. 794-802
Author(s):  
Andrey E. Balanovsky ◽  
Van Trieu Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Plasma Heating ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Diffusion Region ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Wide Range

The Purpose of paper is to conduct studies to assess the possibility of increasing the hardness of the surface layer of steel St3 grade by plasma heating of the applied surface coating containing powder alloy PR-N80X13S2R. Mixtures of pasta were divided into 2 groups: for furnace chemical-thermal treatment and plasma surface melting. The study of the microstructure showed a difference in the depth of the saturated layer, depending on the processing method, during chemical-thermal treatment-1 mm, plasma fusion - 2 mm. The results of measuring the surface micro-hardness showed that, the obtained coating from a mixture of PR-N80X13S2R + Cr2O3 + NH4Cl has a uniform high surface hardness (31-64 HRC), from a mixture of only PR-N80X13S2R - the surface hardness varies in a wide range (15-60 HRC). The study of the microhardness of the cross section of the surface layer showed that, the diffusion region: from a mixture of powder PR-N80X13S2R + Cr2O3 + NH4Cl has uniform hardness (450-490 HV); from a mixture of PR-N80X13S2R - hardness increases in the depth of the molten region (from 300 to 600 HV), and sharply decreases in the heat affected zone (210-170 HV). The use of PR-N80X13S2R alloy powder as the main component in the composition of the paste deposited on the St3 surface during plasma treatment leads to the formation of a doped surface layer with high hardness.

Life Cycle Comparison of Two Options for MSW Management in Puerto Rico: Thermal Treatment vs. Modern Landfilling

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giselle Balaguer-Da´tiz ◽  
Nikhil Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Life Cycle Inventory ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
The Body ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Msw Management ◽  
Wide Range

The management of municipal solid wastes (MSW) in Puerto Rico is becoming increasingly challenging. In recent years, several of the older landfills have closed due to lack of compliance with federal landfill requirements. Puerto Rico is an island community and there is limited space for construction of new landfills. Furthermore, Puerto Rico residents generate more waste per capita than people living on the continental US. Thermal treatment, or waste to energy (WTE) technologies are therefore a promising option for MSW management. It is critical to consider environmental impacts when making decisions related to MSW management. In this paper we quantify and compare the environmental implications of thermal treatment of MSW with modern landfilling for Puerto Rico from a life cycle perspective. The Caguas municipality is currently considering developing a thermal treatment plant. We compare this to an expansion of a landfill site in the Humacao municipality, which currently receives waste from Caguas. The scope of our analysis includes a broad suite of activities associated with management of MSW. We include: (i) the transportation of MSW; (ii) the impacts of managing waste (e.g., landfill gas emissions and potential aqueous run-off with landfills; air emissions of metals, dioxins and greenhouse gases) and (iii) the implications of energy and materials offsets from the waste management process (e.g., conversion of landfill gas to electricity, electricity produced in thermal treatment, and materials recovered from thermal treatment ash). We developed life cycle inventory models for different waste management processes, incorporating information from a wide range of sources — including peer reviewed life cycle inventory databases, the body of literature on environmental impact of waste management, and site-specific factors for Puerto Rico (e.g. waste composition, rainfall patterns, electricity mix). We managed uncertainty in data and models by constructing different scenarios for both technologies based on realistic ranges of emission factors. The results show that thermal treatment of the unrecyclable part of the waste stream is the preferred option for waste management when compared to modern landfilling. Furthermore, Eco-indicator 99 method is used to investigate the human health, ecosystem quality and resource use impact categories.

Evaluation Indexes System for Assessing Road Construction with Recycled Waste Materials to Achieve Better Environmental Impacts

2011 ◽  
Vol 250-253 ◽  
pp. 1001-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
De Zhen Chen ◽  
Cui Jie Geng ◽  
Wen Zhou Sun
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Evaluation Indexes ◽  
Recycled Waste

Evaluation indexes system has been put forward in this paper for quantifying thesystematical energy consumption, resources consumption, total emissions’ change and waste disposal capacity in road construction with recycled waste materials involved. With help of this evaluation indexes system, the contributions to environmental improvement caused by recycling waste materials in road construction can be quantified through calculating savings on environmental impact potentials, savings on energy consumption, on virgin materials’ consumption and waste disposal capacity provided by road construction. Based on the construction project of a road section numbered No.20 EWK0+400 ~ EWK0+600 of North highway to Shanghai Pudong international airport, which was the first trial project of using several kinds of recycled waste materials including bottom ash from incinerators to replace commonly used materials such as gravel in large scale in road pavement, the results of the four indexes, namely, savings on energy consumption and virgin materials’ consumption, environmental impact potentials as well as waste disposal capacity were obtained. It was found out that with multi recycled waste materials replacing part of the common construction material, systematical energy consumption can be reduced by 30%, a large amount of virgin resource consumption can be avoid and road construction also provides a remarkable large “dumping site” for solid wastes; while at the same time environmental impact potentials were saved for most impact categories except for increase in Ecotoxicity, water chronic, which was caused by heavy metals’ leaching and can be prevented by pre-treatment. Those results are useful for guiding the utilization of recycled waste materials, as well as for developing new technology process and advanced materials in road construction.

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