scholarly journals Chloramination of iopamidol- and bromide-spiked waters containing natural organic matter

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nana Osei B. Ackerson ◽  
Hannah K. Liberatore ◽  
Susan D. Richardson ◽  
Michael J. Plewa ◽  
Thomas A. Ternes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Batch Reactors ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Organic Halogen ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Total Organic Halogen ◽  
Organic Chlorine

Abstract Iopamidol (an iodinated x-ray contrast media) and bromide are precursors in the formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The interactions of these precursors are vital to elucidate the formation of halogenated DBPs during chloramination. This work investigated the formation of total organic halogen and select individual DBPs in two laboratory-chloraminated source waters (SWs) containing iopamidol and bromide. Experiments were carried out in batch reactors containing Barberton SW (BSW) and Cleveland SW (CSW), spiked with iopamidol (5 μM), bromide (15 μM), and 100 μM monochloramine. Total organic iodine concentrations were approximately equal regardless of SW since they are mostly unreacted iopamidol and iopamidol DBPs. Almost equal amount of total organic chlorine (3–4 nM) was produced in the SWs but higher quantities of total organic bromine were formed in BSW than CSW. Substantial quantities of regulated trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) were formed in the SWs, along with appreciable concentrations of iodinated trihalomethanes (CHBrClI, CHCl2I, and CHBr2I). Low concentrations of iodo-HAAs were detected, especially at low pH. Overall, bromide concentrations appeared to suppress iodo-DBP formation during chloramination of iopamidol in the presence of natural organic matter. A good correlation (R2 = 0.801) between the yields of regulated DBPs and iodo-DBPs was observed.

Decolorisation of natural organic matter by Phanerochaete chrysosporium: the effect of environmental conditions

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rojek ◽  
F.A. Roddick ◽  
A. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Phanerochaete Chrysosporium ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Colour Removal ◽  
Humic Material ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Content

Phanerochaete chrysosporium was shown to rapidly decolorise a solution of natural organic matter (NOM). The effect of various parameters such as carbon and nitrogen content, pH, ionic strength, NOM concentration and addition of Mn2+ on the colour removal process was investigated. The rapid decolorisation was related to fungal growth and biosorption rather than biodegradation as neither carbon nor nitrogen limitation, nor Mn2+ addition, triggered the decolorisation process. Low pH (pH 3) and increased ionic strength (up to 50 g L‒1 added NaCl) led to greater specific removal (NOM/unit biomass), probably due to increased electrostatic bonding between the humic material and the biomass. Adsorption of NOM with viable and inactivated (autoclaved or by sodium azide) fungal pellets occurred within 24 hours and the colour removal depended on the viability, method of inactivation and pH. Colour removal by viable pellets was higher under the same conditions, and this, combined with desorption data, confirmed that fungal metabolic activity was important in the decolorisation process. Overall, removals of up to 40–50% NOM from solution were obtained. Of this, removal by adsorption was estimated as 60–70%, half of which was physicochemical, the other half metabolically-dependent biosorption and bioaccumulation. The remainder was considered to be removed by biodegradation, although some of this may be ascribed to bioaccumulation and metabolically-dependent biosorption.

Does Granular Activated Carbon with Chlorination Produce Safer Drinking Water? From Disinfection Byproducts and Total Organic Halogen to Calculated Toxicity

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 5987-5999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy A. Cuthbertson ◽  
Susana Y. Kimura ◽  
Hannah K. Liberatore ◽  
R. Scott Summers ◽  
Detlef R. U. Knappe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Granular Activated Carbon ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Organic Halogen ◽  
Total Organic Halogen

Natural Organic Matter Adsorption onto Granular Activated Carbons: Implications in the Molecular Weight and Disinfection Byproducts Formation

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (20) ◽  
pp. 7868-7876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Unai Iriarte-Velasco ◽  
Jon I. Álvarez-Uriarte ◽  
Noemí Chimeno-Alanís ◽  
Juan R. González-Velasco
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts

scholarly journals X-ray fluorescence mapping of mercury on suspended mineral particles and diatoms in a contaminated freshwater system

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 5259-5267 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Gu ◽  
B. Mishra ◽  
C. Miller ◽  
W. Wang ◽  
B. Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Spatial Localization ◽  
Suspended Particles ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mineral Particles ◽  
Geochemical Cycling ◽  
Freshwater System

Abstract. Mercury (Hg) bioavailability and geochemical cycling is affected by its partitioning between the aqueous and particulate phases. We applied a synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microprobe to visualize and quantify directly the spatial localization of Hg and its correlations with other elements of interest on suspended particles from a Hg-contaminated freshwater system. Up to 175 μg g−1 Hg is found on suspended particles, but less than 0.01% is in the form of methylmercury. Mercury is heterogeneously distributed among phytoplankton (e.g., diatoms) and mineral particles that are rich in iron oxides and natural organic matter (NOM). The diatom-bound Hg is mostly found on outer surfaces of the cells, suggesting passive sorption of Hg on diatoms. Our results indicate that localized sorption of Hg onto suspended particles, including diatoms and NOM-coated oxide minerals, may play an important role in affecting the partitioning, reactivity, and biogeochemical cycling of Hg in natural aquatic environments.

scholarly journals Selective Chlorination of Natural Organic Matter: Identification of Previously Unknown Disinfection Byproducts

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 2264-2271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elin E. Lavonen ◽  
Michael Gonsior ◽  
Lars J. Tranvik ◽  
Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin ◽  
Stephan J. Köhler
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Selective Chlorination
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