The use of reclaimed water is a viable and safe strategy for the irrigation of myrtle plants in a scenario of climate change

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1741-1747 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Ramón Acosta-Motos ◽  
María Fernanda Ortuño ◽  
Sara Álvarez ◽  
José Antonio Hernández ◽  
María Jesús Sánchez-Blanco
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Future Scenario ◽  
Safe Strategy ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Exchange Parameters

Abstract In this work, we irrigated myrtle plants with reclaimed waters (RWs) for 90 days with drainage. The treatments consisted of a control (0.8 dS m−1) and two RWs: RW1 (2.0 dS m−1) and RW2 (5.0 dS m−1). In general, nutrients were accumulated in a greater proportion in shoots than in roots and increased in the RW treatments, with the exception of potassium and phosphorus. This behaviour produced a progressive decrease in the root water potential, which hindered the mobility of water to the leaves. This in turn caused a drop in leaf water potential and gas exchange parameters, especially in the RW2 treatment. The intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi, Pn/gs) did not show differences in any treatment. The RW2 treatment provoked a loss of biomass in the leaves but not in the stems and roots, resulting in more compact plants. Considering these results together, it is feasible to use RWs for plant irrigation, despite their high electrical conductivity. RWs are thus a viable alternative to scarce conventional water resources in a future scenario of climate change.

Gas exchange and yield in Miscanthus species for three years at two locations in Poland

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Głowacka ◽  
Stanisław Jeżowski ◽  
Zygmunt Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
The Third ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Exchange Parameters

Głowacka, K., Jeżowski, S. and Kaczmarek, Z. 2013. Gas exchange and yield in Miscanthus species for three years at two locations in Poland. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 627–637. The influence of gas exchange parameters on yields of six Miscanthus clones were evaluated in two locations over three years. Five out of six genotypes had significant increases in the photosynthetic rate and intrinsic water use efficiency between the third and first or third and second years, while intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance decreased. In addition, the multiple regression analyses of yields on parameters showed that the type of the correlation coefficients for transpiration, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration varied throughout the years. The strongest correlation (0.86) between yield and photosynthetic rate was found for 3-year-old plants.

scholarly journals The Effect of Grapevine Age (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Zinfandel) on Phenology and Gas Exchange Parameters over Consecutive Growing Seasons

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 311
Author(s):  
Vegas Riffle ◽  
Nathaniel Palmer ◽  
L. Federico Casassa ◽  
Jean Catherine Dodson Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Sugar Accumulation ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Growing Season Length ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Exchange Parameters

Unlike most crop industries, there is a strongly held belief within the wine industry that increased vine age correlates with quality. Considering this perception could be explained by vine physiological differences, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of vine age on phenology and gas exchange parameters. An interplanted, dry farmed, Zinfandel vineyard block under consistent management practices in the Central Coast of California was evaluated over two consecutive growing seasons. Treatments included Young vines (5 to 12 years old), Control (representative proportion of young to old vines in the block), and Old vines (40 to 60 years old). Phenology, leaf water potential, and gas exchange parameters were tracked. Results indicated a difference in phenological progression after berry set between Young and Old vines. Young vines progressed more slowly during berry formation and more rapidly during berry ripening, resulting in Young vines being harvested before Old vines due to variation in the timing of sugar accumulation. No differences in leaf water potential were found. Young vines had higher mid-day stomatal conductance and tended to have higher mid-day photosynthetic rates. The results of this study suggest vine age is a factor in phenological timing and growing season length.

scholarly journals Gas exchange efficiency in Cocoa – Spanish elm agroforestry system in the northwest Antioquia, Colombia

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 9283-9291
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Gómez-Yarce ◽  
Edna Rocío Mompotes-Largo ◽  
Aníbal López-Castro ◽  
Juan David Hernández-Arredondo ◽  
Oscar De Jesús Córdoba-Gaona
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Cordia Alliodora ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Exchange Parameters

The cultivation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) under agroforestry systems, generates beneficial environmental conditions for cocoa crop physiology. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of shade trees (Spanish elm trees - Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pavon) Oken) planted along with cocoa (clone CCN51) under an agroforestry system on cocoa’s gas exchange parameters regarding the reduction of the light intensity over the cocoa-leaf canopy. The experiment was developed in the Centro de Investigación el Nus - Agrosavia, located in the municipality of San Roque, Antioquia. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design for the cocoa planting distances from the first row of Spanish elm trees interfacing with the cocoa plantation (4 m, 7 m, 10 m, 13 m). The statistical analysis was performed by estimating the area under the curve (AUC) of each variable, using the trapezoid equation of the statistical environment SAS® 9.4, an analysis of variances was performed to determine if there were statistical differences between treatments, and Tukey’s test at 5% probability was used to estimated statistical differences between means. There were significant differences in the treatments regarding the net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (E). The highest values of gas exchange parameters were found in the plants located 13 m from elm trees, while the lowest values were presented at 4 m. Plants at 7 m and 10 m always showed intermediate values for all gas exchange parameters. In the same sense, plants at 13 m had a higher radiation use efficiency (RUE) compared to plants at 4 m. The arboreal component modified the environmental conditions on cocoa trees regarding its distribution, generating a differential response to the physiological behavior of cocoa plants.

Effects of Exogenous Nitric Oxide on the Photosynthesis of Taxus chinensis var. Mairei Seedings

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 2774-2777
Author(s):  
De Wen Li ◽  
Mei Lan Li ◽  
Xiao Xue Wei
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Taxus Chinensis ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
No Donor ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Exogenous Nitric Oxide ◽  
Exchange Parameters

In the study, the gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll contents of the leaves of Taxus chinensis var. mairei exposed to exogenous nitric oxide (NO) were determined. The seedlings were treated with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, at 5 different concentrations ranging from 0 mM to 1 mM. The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in laboratory. The result showed that the 1 mM SNP increased the net photosynthetic rate (PN) of Taxus chinensis var. mairei slightly; however, other SNP treatments decreased PN. The water use efficiency (WUE) was increased by exogenous NO, while the stomata conductance (Gs) and the transpiration rate (E) were decreased. The concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and total chlorophyll exhibited 0.1 mM> 0.01 mM> 1 mM > 0 mM > 0.5 mM after 10 days of SNP treatments. The experiment proved that at suitable concentrations of exogenous NO signals increased the photosynthesis, and suggested that the SNP treatment might promote the growth of the Taxus chinensis var. mairei seedlings.

Effects of substrate acidity and UV-B radiation on photosynthesis of radishes

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 624-631
Author(s):  
Irena Januskaitiene
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Growth Substrate ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Raphanus Sativus L ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Exchange Parameters

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the combined effect of substrate acidity (pH 4.8; pH 3.8) and 1 kJm−2d−1 UV-B radiation on photosynthesis and growth of radishes (Raphanus sativus L.). Radishes were sown in a neutral pH 6.5 peat substrate. When the second true leaf unfolded, the growth substrate was acidified using different concentration of H2SO4 and exposed to UV-B radiation for a period of ten days. Gas exchange parameters were measured with the LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system. Content of chlorophyll was evaluated spectrophotometrically. The results showed that the greatest inhibition of net photosynthesis was observed when radishes were grown in an acidified pH 3.8 substrate. The decrease of the photosynthesis of radish plants treated with both investigated factors (substrate acidity and UV-B) were lower compared to the effect of substrate acidity alone. UV-B radiation stimulated both enzymatic reactions of photosynthesis and water use efficiency of radish plants grown in acidified peat substrates. Also, investigated factors had higher impact on biomass of tuber than biomass of foliage.

scholarly journals A Field Study on the Influence of Verticillium dahliae and Pratylenchus penetrans on Gas Exchange of Potato

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 1531-1535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim A. M. Saeed ◽  
Ann E. MacGuidwin ◽  
Douglas I. Rouse ◽  
Chris Malek
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Pathogen Control ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Exchange Parameters

Field experiments were conducted for three consecutive years to study the effects of low populations of Verticillium dahliae and Pratylenchus penetrans on leaf gas exchange of Russet Burbank potato. Treatments were P. penetrans, V. dahliae, the combination of the nematode with the fungus, and a no-pathogen control. Gas exchange was measured nondestructively on young, fully expanded, asymptomatic leaves one to three times per week starting the ninth week after planting. Infection with either pathogen alone had little or no effect on leaf gas exchange parameters. However, co-infection by both pathogens resulted in reduced leaf light use efficiency (mole of CO2 fixed per mole of photon), lower leaf stomatal conductance, lower leaf water use efficiency (mole of CO2 fixed per mole of water used), and increased intercellular CO2 compared with the no-pathogen control. These effects, additive relative to the impact of each pathogen alone, were first observed 9 weeks after inoculation in the first 2 years of the study and 15 weeks after inoculation in the third year.

scholarly journals Water-use Efficiency of One-year-old Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) cv. `Rainier' on Dwarfing and Standard Rootstocks, under Well-watered and Water Deficit Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 856C-856
Author(s):  
Costanza Zavalloni ◽  
Adriana Nikoloudi ◽  
James A. Flore*
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
One Year ◽  
Exchange Parameters

This study was conducted to determine whether standard and dwarfing sweet cherry rootstocks under water deficit conditions respond differently relative to plant growth and gas exchange parameters, water-use efficiency, and leaf carbon isotope composition. One-year-old potted sweet cherry cv. `Rainier' grafted on the standard rootstock `Mazzard' and on the dwarfing rootstock `Gisela 5' were compared under two different water treatments: 1) well-watered, which received daily 100% of the amount of water lost by ET, and 2) a water deficit treatment, which received 50% of the water applied to the control. Relative shoot growth rate, leaf emergence rate and cumulative leaf area were recorded every three to seven days during the experiment. Leaf net carbon dioxide assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, internal CO2 concentration, and WUE were measured daily for the duration of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, leaf samples were collected to determine leaf carbon isotope composition. The growth parameters measured were affected similarly in the two rootstocks indicating a similar degree of sensitivity to water deficit in the genotypes tested. Cumulative leaf area was affected earlier by water deficit than relative shoot growth, and leaf emergence rate. Gas exchange parameters were affected earlier than growth parameters. Overall, WUE was not significantly different between dwarfing and standard rootstocks, and did not appear to increase under water deficit condition, indicating that irrigation should be considered as an important practice in sweet cherry orchards, especially when dwarfing rootstocks are selected.

scholarly journals Estimation of Leaf Water Use Efficiency Threshold Values for Water Stress in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Qiu Xinqiang ◽  
Zhang Yushun ◽  
Qin Haixia ◽  
Wang Min ◽  
Wang Yanping ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Exchange Parameters

Drought significantly threatens crop productivity and food security worldwide. However, the severity of drought is predicted to increasingly intensify in the future. To provide an antidrought strategy for farmers and breeders, the response of stomatal behavior of crops to water stress should be well studied. In this study, a lysimeter experiment was conducted to study the relationship between gas exchange parameters and grain yields of winter wheat. Light, moderate, and severe drought levels were imposed at seedling, jointing, heading, and filling stages. The results showed that crop evapotranspiration (ETc, mm) of winter wheat during the entire growing season was limited by drought imposed at any growth stage, and ETc under severe drought treatment was always the lowest. The stomatal limitation value had a significant linear correlation with the stomatal conductance (Gs, μmol mol H2O m–2 s–1) and transpiration rate (Tr, mmol H2O m–2 s–1). Light and moderate drought levels at the seedling stage did not generate irreversible physiological stress on wheat plants, while severe drought at any growth stage caused significant reduction in gas exchange parameters and grain yields. Theoretical threshold values of leaf water use efficiency (WUEl) for light, moderate, and severe drought levels were 2.62, 3.36, and 4.11 μmol mmol–1, respectively. The threshold values are useful to provide theoretical reference for achieving smart irrigation in the North China Plain.

scholarly journals Photosynthetic Response of Carrots to Varying Irradiances, CO2 Concentrations, Moisture, and Nutrition

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1145D-1146
Author(s):  
Rajasekaran R. Lada ◽  
F. Christine Pettipas ◽  
Steve Kyei-Boahen ◽  
Robert Gordon ◽  
Tess Astatkie
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Red Core ◽  
Exchange Parameters

Genotypes and environmental parameters interactively act on plants and modify their yield responses through modifying photosynthetic processes. In order to optimize yield, it is critical to understand the photosynthetic behavior of the crop as altered by genotypes and environment. Leaf gas exchange parameters of carrot (Daucus carota L.) cultivars Cascade, Carson, Oranza, and Red Core Chantenay (RCC) were examined in response to various irradiances, fertility levels, moisture regimes, and to elevated CO2 concentrations. Leaf net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (E) were measured. Cultivars responded similarly to increasing PAR and CO2 concentrations and did not differ in photosynthetic parameters. Increasing PAR from 100 to 1000 μmol·m-2·s-1 increased PN, which did not reach saturation. The gs and E increased to a peak between 600 and 800 μmol·m-2·s-1, then rapidly declined, resulting in a sharp increase in water use efficiency (WUE). Increasing CO2 concentrations from 50 to 1050 μmol·mol-1 increased PN until saturation at 650 μmol·mol-1. The gs and E increased to a peak at 350 μmol·mol-1 and then declined. WUE increased linearly with increasing CO2. Carrots exposed to drought over a period of 5 days decreased PN and E. The PN decrease was cultivar specific. Nutrient concentrations of 0 to 400 ppm gave a similar pattern of decrease for PN, E, and gs. Treatment of 50 ppm had the highest PN, E, and gs. The WUE generally increased with increasing nutrient concentration.

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