scholarly journals Effects of chlorination, ultraviolet and ozone disinfection on the biotoxicity of triclosan

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1175-1180
Author(s):  
Lei Chen ◽  
Zhipeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ozone Disinfection

Abstract The contamination of triclosan, which is a widely used antimicrobial agent, is of emerging concern for its potential toxicity to aquatic organisms and human beings. Chlorination, UV254 irradiation and ozonation are the main disinfection methods used in water treatment processes. Although studies have shown that triclosan could react with free chlorine and ozone, and undergo photolysis under UV irradiation, few of them focused on the effects of disinfection processes on the biotoxicity of triclosan. In the present study, the potential risk of triclosan in water before and after laboratory-scale disinfection processes, including chlorination, UV254 irradiation and ozonation, was evaluated by bioassay. The results showed that both acute toxicity and genetic toxicity of triclosan was increased by chlorination and UV254 disinfection but decreased by ozone disinfection. In other words, ozonation would be a preferential disinfection method for triclosan-containing surface waters. This finding will help us to choose an appropriate disinfection method for water treatment. Furthermore, it is proved that bioassay could be a feasible way for risk evaluation when concentrations of antibiotics in surface waters or drinking waters are very low.

Water Treatment Considerations–Aquatic Humus

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (S2) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
E T Gjessing
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Aquatic Humus ◽  
Treatment Considerations

For several reasons the surface waters in cold climate areas are coloured due to humic substances. There are two major objections against humus in drinking water, the first is concerned with aesthetical and practical problems and the second is due to indirect negative health effects. There are essentially three different methods in use today for the removal or reduction of humus colour in water: (1) Addition of chemicals with the intention of reducing the “solubility”, (2) Addition of chemicals in order to bleach or mineralize the humus, and (3) Filtration with the intention of removal of coloured particles and some of the “soluble” colour. The treatment processes are discussed.

scholarly journals Development of Daphnia magna under exposure to the xenobiotic octylphenol

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-158
Author(s):  
Thanh Son Dao ◽  
Thi My Chi Vo ◽  
Hong Lan Chi Do ◽  
Phuoc Dan Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ecological Health ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Significant Mortality

Xenobiotics are of human and environmental concerns due to their potential toxicity. Octylphenol is one of the very common and daily used xenobiotics in door and out door activities of human beings. Toxicity of octylphenol to aquatic organisms, especially to zooplankton (e.g. Daphnia magna) was investigated but not fully understood. In this study we evaluated the chronic effects of octylphenol at the concentrations of 5, 50 and 500 µg L-1 on Daphnia magna over a period of 14 days. The results showed that low concentration of octylphenol (5 µg L-1) stimulated the maturation while high concentrations of the chemical (50 and 500 µg L-1) caused a significant mortality to the Daphnia. Besides, all the tested concentrations of octylphenol had serious impacts on fecundity and growth of the animals. Investigations on the presence, distribution, fate and toxicity of xonobiotics including octylphenol in the developing country environment are suggested for human, environmental and ecological health protection. Những hợp chất tổng hợp đang là mối quan ngại cho con người và môi trường vì khả năng gây độc của chúng. Octylphenol là một trong những hợp chất tổng hợp được sử dụng phổ biến và thường xuyên trong những hoạt động của con người trong nhà và ngoài trời. Độc tính của octylphenol đối với thủy sinh vật, đặc biệt đối với động vật phù du (vd. Daphnia magna) mặc dù đã được nghiên cứu nhưng vẫn chưa được hiểu biết đầy đủ. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi đánh giá ảnh hưởng mãn tính của octylphenol ở các nồng độ 5, 50 và 500 µg/lít lên Daphnia magna trong thời gian 14 ngày. Kết quả cho thấy ở nồng độ octylphenol thấp (5 µg/lít) kích thích sự thành thục của sinh vật trong khi ở nồng độ cao hơn (50 và 500 µg/lít) gây chết đáng kể Daphnia. Bên cạnh đó, tất cả các nồng độ ocytlphenol dùng trong thí nghiệm gây ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng lên sức sinh sản và sinh trưởng của sinh vật. Nghiên cứu về sự hiện diện, phân bố, phát tán và độc tính của những chất tổng hợp bao gồm octylphenol ở các nước đang phát triển nên được tiến hành vì mục tiêu bảo vệ sức khỏe con người, môi trường và hệ sinh thái.

scholarly journals Characterization of Five Portuguese Wastewater Treatment Plants: Removal Efficiency of Pharmaceutical Active Compounds through Conventional Treatment Processes and Environmental Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7388
Author(s):  
Sofia Silva ◽  
Vitor Vale Cardoso ◽  
Lúcia Duarte ◽  
Rui Neves Carneiro ◽  
Cristina Maria Martins Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Mass Detection ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Due to the high consumption and incorrect disposal of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs), they are recognized as contaminants of emerging concern. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) may be inefficient in removing PhACs, therefore discharging them into surface waters. The removal efficiencies of five WWTPs located in the south of Portugal (Alentejo) were evaluated in 2020. Twenty-six PhACs were analyzed in wastewater influents, effluents, and surface waters, upstream and downstream of the WWTPs by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass detection (UPLC–MS/MS). The most representative PhACs in influents were acetaminophen, caffeine, naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac with minimum-maximum concentrations of 49–225 µg/L, 26–46 µg/L, 5.9–13 µg/L, 5.2–22 µg/L, and 1.3–2.5 µg/L, respectively. For effluents, it was acetaminophen, caffeine, and diclofenac with minimum-maximum concentrations of 0.054–7.8 µg/L, 0.084–4.8 µg/L, and 0.28–3.3 µg/L, respectively. The highest removal efficiencies were observed for acetaminophen, sulfadiazine, cortisone, testosterone, metoprolol, and propranolol (100%). The lowest removal efficiencies were observed for carbamazepine (2.7%) and diclofenac (−13.2%). The risk quotient of sulfamethoxazole and diclofenac were higher than 1 for receiving waters, indicating they probably pose high risks to aquatic organisms.

Influence of various commercial water treatment processes on the electric conductivity of several drinking waters

2011 ◽  
Vol 160 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Asenbaum ◽  
C. Pruner ◽  
H. Kabelka ◽  
A. Philipp ◽  
Emmerich Wilhelm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Drinking Waters

scholarly journals Enhancing properties and water resistance of PEO-based electrospun nanofibrous membranes by photo-crosslinking

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 1879-1896
Author(s):  
Parnian Kianfar ◽  
Alessandra Vitale ◽  
Sara Dalle Vacche ◽  
Roberta Bongiovanni
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Versatile Technique ◽  
Poly Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Fibrous Membranes ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Composition Ratios

Abstract In this study, modified fibrous mats of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were fabricated through the versatile technique of electrospinning. Acrylic monomers were added to PEO with different composition ratios, and the mats were irradiated. The kinetics of photo-cross-linking reaction in the presence of the acrylic cross-linkers, as well as the structural, thermal and mechanical properties of the nanofibers, were studied. The morphology of the fibrous membranes before and after water treatment was monitored, and the insoluble fraction of the fibers was measured. As a result, by tuning the photo-cross-linking reaction, the control over fibers properties was feasible. The photo-cured PEO-based nanofibrous mats showed the solubility resistance needed to use them as membranes and to apply them in aqueous environments, as in water treatment processes and biomedical applications. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals Effects of Exposure to Semiconductor Nanoparticles on Aquatic Organisms

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenton Leigh ◽  
Jennifer Bouldin ◽  
Roger Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Aquatic Systems ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Optical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Many Sources

Because of their unique physical, optical, and mechanical properties, nanomaterials hold great promise in improving on a wide variety of current technologies. Consequently, their use in research and consumer products is increasing rapidly, and contamination of the environment with various nanomaterials seems inevitable. Because surface waters receive pollutants and contaminants from many sources including nanoparticles and act as reservoirs and conduits for many environmental contaminants, understanding the potential impacts of nanoparticles on the organisms within these environments is critical to evaluating their potential toxicity. While there is much to be learned about interactions between nanomaterials and aquatic systems, there have been a number of recent reports of interactions of quantum dots (QDs) with aquatic environments and aquatic organisms. This review is focused on providing a summary of recent work investigating the impacts of quantum dots on aquatic organisms.

Modeling formation and control of disinfection byproducts in chlorinated drinking waters

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 730-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward McBean ◽  
Zoe Zhu ◽  
Wen Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Mathematical Functions ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Backward Elimination ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Organic Precursors ◽  
And Control

While disinfection of drinking water reduces the risks of pathogenic infection, threats to human health due to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) may arise due to natural organic precursors. Regression-based models characterizing the formation of DBPs are derived from data for 28 conventional water treatment plants in Ontario. DBPs are shown to be correlated statistically with dissolved organic carbon, pre-and post-chlorination dosages, pH and temperature. Using backward elimination nonlinear regression, a set of mathematical functions are obtained (R2=0.62 to 0.79) for an array of DBPs. The models are used to guide decision-markers in the selection and operation of drinking water treatment processes to decrease DBP formation, indicating that a shift from emphasis on pre-chlorination to post-chlorination has the most effect on DBP formation.

A New Large Scale Technic for Quantitative Recovery of Enteroviruses by Adsorption on Suspended Glass Powder. Application to Surface and Drinking Waters of the Paris Area

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 281-290
Author(s):  
Ph Vilaginès ◽  
B Sarrette ◽  
C Danglot ◽  
R Vilaginès
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Glass Powder ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Paris Area ◽  
New Apparatus ◽  
Quantitative Recovery

The aim of this work is to describe a new and inexpensive glass powder apparatus allowing virus concentration from 500 1 sample of water (10). Its efficiency was determined by analysis of drinking and surface waters preinoculated by Poliovirus. The detection of viruses from river water is compared when 500 1 (new apparatus) or 10 1 (preceeding apparatus) (7) are processed. The proposed new 500 1 apparatus allowed the recuperation of viruses in 100 % of the analysed samples the 10 1 one allowing their recuperation in only 50 % samples. This method was applied to the virus determination in the surface and drinking waters of the Paris area.

Practical Guide to Determine the Impact of Radon and Other Radionuclides on Water Treatment Processes

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 1255-1264
Author(s):  
K. L. Martins
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Packed Tower ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Radioactivity Exposure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Percent Removal

During treatment of groundwater, radon is often coincidentally removed by processes typically used to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs)-for example, processes such as liquid-phase granular activated carbon (LGAC) adsorption and air stripping with vapor-phase carbon (VGAC). The removal of radon from drinking water is a positive benefit for the water user; however, the accumulation of radon on activated carbon may cause radiologic hazards for the water treatment plant operators and the spent carbon may be considered a low-level radioactive waste. To date, most literature on radon removal by water treatment processes was based on bench- or residential-scale systems. This paper addresses the impact of radon on municipal and industrial-scale applications. Available data have been used todevelop graphical methods of estimating the radioactivity exposure rates to facility operators and determine the fate of spent carbon. This paper will allow the reader to determine the potential for impact of radon on the system design and operation as follows.Estimate the percent removal of radon from water by LGAC adsorbers and packed tower air strippers. Also, a method to estimate the percent removal of radon by VGAC used for air stripper off-gas will be provided.Estimate if your local radon levels are such that the safety guidelines, suggested by USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), of 25 mR/yr (0.1 mR/day) for radioactivity exposure may or may not be exceeded.Estimate the disposal requirements of the waste carbon for LGAC systems and VGAC for air stripper “Off-Gas” systems. Options for dealing with high radon levels are presented.

Removal of sulphite-reducing clostridia spores by full-scale water treatment processes as a surrogate for protozoan (oo)cysts removal

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Hijnen ◽  
J. Willemsen-Zwaagstra ◽  
P. Hiemstra ◽  
G. J. Medema ◽  
D. van der Kooij
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Unit Process ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Scale Unit ◽  
Micro Organisms

At eight full-scale water treatment plants in the Netherlands the removal of spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (SSRC) was determined. By sampling and processing large volumes of water (1 up to 500 litres) SSRC were detected after each stage of the treatment. This enabled the assessment of the removal efficiency of the full-scale unit processes for persistent micro-organisms. A comparison with literature data on the removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by the same type of processes revealed that SSRC can be considered as a potential surrogate. The average Decimal Elimination Capacity (DEC) of the overall treatment plants ranged from 1.3–4.3 log. The observed actual log removal of SSRC by the unit processes and the overall treatment at one of the studied locations showed that the level of variation in removal efficiency was approximately 2 log. Moreover, from the actual log removal values it was observed that a low SSRC removal by one unit process is partly compensated by a higher removal by subsequent unit processes at this location. SSRC can be used for identification of the process conditions that cause variation in micro-organism removal which may lead to process optimization. Further research is necessary to determine the optimal use of SSRC in water quality monitoring for the production of microbiologically safe drinking water.

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