scholarly journals The Byzantine cisterns of Constantinople

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1499-1506
Author(s):  
K. A. Ward ◽  
M. Crapper ◽  
K. Altuğ ◽  
J. Crow
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water System ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Storage Volume ◽  
Detailed List ◽  
Water Provision ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The most unusual aspect of Byzantine Constantinople's water system was the large number of cisterns throughout the city. This research integrates the two most recent in-depth studies of the cisterns to determine that there have been at least 211 cisterns attributed to the Byzantine city. The distribution of the cisterns indicates that the size and number of cisterns constructed reduced over time, with more and larger cisterns developed prior to the 7th century. Cisterns are concentrated in the older area of the city and sparser on the periphery, but with later ones more common in the peripheral areas, suggesting that water provision was extended over time, and although the majority of cisterns are small, most storage volume is concentrated in the three largest open-air cisterns. The extended, detailed list produced will allow more in-depth investigations to proceed. Analysis of the distribution of cisterns across the city creates a framework for understanding the development and functioning of Byzantine Constantinople's complex water supply system.

Architect Sinan's Kırkçeşme water supply system outside the city of Istanbul and city network

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 626-637
Author(s):  
Ali Uyumaz ◽  
İsmail Dabanlı
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water System ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Supply Line ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
City Network ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The City

The city of Istanbul has important water system remnants from old civilizations among which water line systems begun with Byzantine period and continued during Ottoman era, including Kırkçeşme water supply system. The original gallery structure within the Kırkçeşme system has been altered with time at some places as a result of necessary planning activities, restoration and repair works. All these activities helped to keep almost the system originality. Since its first opening in 1564, its discharge increased steadily as a result of additional drainage feeding line connections to the main gallery. However, through time only a couple of the 570 additional lines have remained in operation. Although other similar establishments have perished in time without leaving even traces, the Kırkçeşme system is its vivid and harmonious appearance in front of eyes even today. Four dams were constructed at the most convenient locations along the water supply lines from 1620 to 1818. The water from the streams was collected during the rainy season and discharged to the city at times of need with increasing capacity. In general, the Kırkçeşme system has two branches: one extends towards the east, which seemed to have more water, due to its feedback from the Kirazlı, Topuz and Paşa tributaries of the Kağıthane stream; the other branch is westwards which is fed by the Ayvad Deresi, Orta Dere and Bakraç Dere tributaries of the Kağıthane stream. All the water are brought together at Başhavuz (main pool) south of Kemerburgaz, where they collectively enter the main supply line crossing the Alibey Stream over the Mağlova Aqueduct, and then joining a branch from the Cebeciköy Stream and finally flow in towards the south. In a historical document called Tezkiret'ül Bünyan, (The Book of Structures) the author states that Sinan pledged to the Sultan about the existence of some old waterways. However, the Roman waterway still remains in the vicinity of Cebeciköy, which is located at a higher elevation than the Kırkçeşme water supply line but ran parallel to it. The water supply system should have integrated perspective for operation and maintenances. On the other hand, standing structures give to humanity the impression that the stability and design carry not only water, but also valuable cultural heritage. Moreover, they connect many civilizations with each other and also past as well as future.

scholarly journals Non-Revenue Water (NRW) is a challenge for Global Water Supply System Management: A case study of Dhaka Water Supply System Management

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. G Farok
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
System Management ◽  
Non Revenue Water ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City

Non-revenue Water (NRW) is an important component of commercial water system management. NRW is the result of pipelines leakage, improper, illegal service connections and theft water. NRW contributes system loss that is a buzzword. Actually, NRW is uncounted water that has been produced but it is confirmed to be “lost” before it consumes the customer. This matter agitates for all concern and specially it affects the whole economy. Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) is one of the main utilities in Dhaka City and it is the mostimportant sector of the Government of Bangladesh. The potable water distribution network has been installed at the whole area of the city and it covers periphery of the city and its extension is going from N. Gonj to Tongi as well as surrounding area of this city. Non-revenue water surveys were conducted on specific fields and areas that were selected randomly. It would be gradually becoming a serious issue affecting the interest of all concerned andwould be one of the major crises to be solved with techno-managerial concept.

DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC, CADMIUM, LEAD, COOPER AND ZINC IN DRINKING WATER FROM R. MACEDONIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1259-1264
Author(s):  
Kiril Lisichkov ◽  
Katerina Atkovska ◽  
Neven Trajchevski ◽  
Orce Popovski ◽  
Nadica Todorovska
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Cadmium Lead ◽  
The City

The presence of some chemical compounds at higher levels than maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) in the drinking water, suggests of water resources pollution. In this paper the following elements were analyzed: total arsenic, cadmium, lead, cooper and zinc. Twelve samples of water from the water supply system from the city of Skopje were examined during one year from three different springs. Also, ten samples of bottled water from three producers from the Macedonian market were tested.The determined average mass concentrations of total As, Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) in the analyzed water samples from the water supply system are 1.35 μg/l, 0.06 μg/l, 0.6 μg/l, 0.9 μg/l and 1,12 μg/l, respectively, and for the tested bottled water, the mean values ranges from 0.56 - 0.83 μg total As / l, 0.053 - 0.056 μg Cd(II)/l, 0.51 - 0.54 μg Pb(II)/l , 0.6 - 0.87 μg Cu(II)/l and 0.68 - 0.8 μg Zn(II)/l water.The following instrumental analytical methods and techniques were used for the analysis of the tested samples of drinking water: flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic absorption spectroscopy with hydride cеll, electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy.The obtained results are shown in tables and graphic form. According to the obtained results a comparative analysis was carried out indicate that it is a water of good quality that can be used in different branches of the process industry.The obtained results in this paper do not exceed the values of the MPC of the Republic of Macedonia prescribed by the legal regulations for the drinking water, which confirm the health safety of the drinking water from the water supply system in the city of Skopje and the packed waters from the Macedonian market in relation to the tested elements.

scholarly journals Vulnerability based management of water resources systems

2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Kanakoudis
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Preventive Maintenance ◽  
Water System ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Maintenance Policy ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Water Resources Systems ◽  
Maintenance Schedule ◽  
Preventive Maintenance Policy

Must the water networks be fail-proof or must they remain safe during a failure? What must water system managers try to achieve? The present paper introduces a methodology for the hierarchical analysis (in time and space) of the preventive maintenance policy of water supply networks, using water supply system performance indices. This is being accomplished through a technical–economic analysis that takes into account all kinds of costs referring to the repair or replacement of trouble-causing parts of the water supply network. The optimal preventive maintenance schedule suggested by the methodology is compared with the empirically based maintenance policy applied to the Athens water supply system.

scholarly journals Emergency Water Supply of Rzeszow / Kryzysowe Zaopatrzenie Rzeszowa W Wodę

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
Janusz R. Rak ◽  
Izabela Piegdoń ◽  
Karolina Homa
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Systemic Crisis ◽  
Emergency Water Supply ◽  
The City

Abstract In this study the methodology of balancing water needs in a crisis situation was presented. The example was done for city of Rzeszow. The municipal infrastructure: water supply system, sewage system, gas network, heating and energy systems was shortly characterized. The research undertaken in this study was related to Systemic Crisis Management and protection of the inhabitants of the city. The balance of emergency water supply Rzeszow in drinking water for the 29 neighborhoods of the city was shown.

scholarly journals Historical Water Supply System of the City of Brno—Social-Environmental Consequences

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 3550
Author(s):  
David Honek ◽  
Milena Forejtníková ◽  
Miloš Rozkošný ◽  
Aleš Vyskočil
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
River Catchment ◽  
The City

This paper provides a detailed look into the historical development of the water supply system of a big industrial city and its impact on the river environment and needs of the wastewater treatment system. The city of Brno, Czech Republic, was chosen for this study because it has a long history in the field of water supply, and the city has changed rapidly over the last 200 years. The city’s development necessitated an adaptation of drinking water sources, most significantly the use of the Březová nad Svitavou facility, which resulted in a change of condition of the Svitava River. The notable decrease in river flow, aided by industrial development of settlements within the Svitava River catchment between 1850 and 1950, strongly contributed to the spread of river pollution. However, the construction of wastewater treatment plants during recent decades led to a restoration of river quality and, consequently, of the entire environment of the Svitava River catchment. This paper also presents a view on activities connected with the long term surface water quality monitoring and improvement with regard to water quality conditions in spring areas and the river network influenced by the water supply system.

Bayesian model of urban water safety management

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-675 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Operational Reliability ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Operational Conditions

<p>Water supply system is a critical infrastructure. Main task of urban water system is to provide consumers with drinking water in adequate quantity, at the required quality and pressure corresponding to current standards.</p> <p>For the purposes of this paper, operational reliability of the water supply system is defined as the ability to supply a constant flow of water for various groups of consumers, with a specific quality and specific pressure, according to consumers demands, in specific operational conditions, at any or at a specific time.</p> <div> <p>The main aim of this paper is to present a method for risk analysis using Bayesian process. The proposed method made it possible to estimate risk associated with the possibility of partial or total loss of the ability of water supply system operation. The paper proposes to consider two types of risk: the first type, associated with the possibility of interruptions in water supply and the second type, associated with the possibility of tap water contamination.&nbsp;</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Analysis of a large-scale water supply system of the Byzantine period using modern fluid mechanics

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
B. Haut ◽  
D. Viviers
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
The City

In this paper, the flow of water in several elements of the water supply system of the city of Apamea is simulated. The studied elements were used at the end of the 6th century AD (Byzantine period). These simulations allow for the analysis of the water supply system from a modern point of view, in terms of water flow rate, energy loss, etc. This analysis provides a quantitative description of the water supply system of the city, supplementing the field observations.

scholarly journals РАЗВИТИЕ СИСТЕМЫ ВОДОСНАБЖЕНИЯ ГОРОДА САМАРКАНД

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-15
Author(s):  
Якубов К. А. ◽  
Якубов У. К.
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Pumping Stations ◽  
The City

The article provides information about the existing energy-intensive water supply system, the technology of which includes a multiple increase of pressure by successive pumping stations. The authors justify the transition to the gravitational water supply system of the city by the help of calculations.

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