Leakage discharge separation from the total water supply flow in water distribution system by constrained independent component analysis (CICA)

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-619
Author(s):  
Chengzhi Zheng ◽  
Jinliang Gao ◽  
Wenjie He
Keyword(s):  
Independent Component Analysis ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Independent Component ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Simulation Accuracy ◽  
Constrained Independent Component Analysis

The blind source separation theory was introduced and the trend and amplitude (TAA) model was established in order to overcome the shortcomings of some traditional global leakage discharge analysis models in water distribution systems (WDS). The TAA model considers the leakage discharge as one part of the total water supply flow, consisting of constrained independent component analysis (CICA) model and amplitude solving model. In the CICA model, the CICA algorithm was chosen and two reference vectors were constructed, and then the trend of leakage discharge was obtained. In the amplitude solving model, the two-element coupled linear overdetermined equations were derived and the amplitude was calculated. The TAA model was optimized and verified based on the data from three kinds of WDS (the laboratory WDS, the emulational WDS and the actual WDS). The simulation accuracy of the TAA model was high enough when the total water supply flow was a non-Gaussian signal in the WDS with one entrance only; the TAA model can effectively avoid the complexity (and reflect the uncertainty) of the relationship between leakage discharge and pressure head. More importantly, the model has good transplant performance.

Skin Chromophore Estimation from Mobile Selfie Images using Constrained Independent Component Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (14) ◽  
pp. 357-1-357-6
Author(s):  
Luisa F. Polanía ◽  
Raja Bala ◽  
Ankur Purwar ◽  
Paul Matts ◽  
Martin Maltz
Keyword(s):  
Independent Component Analysis ◽  
Spectral Reflectance ◽  
Source Separation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Previous Method ◽  
Independent Component ◽  
Light Transport ◽  
Camera Model ◽  
Constrained Independent Component Analysis

Human skin is made up of two primary chromophores: melanin, the pigment in the epidermis giving skin its color; and hemoglobin, the pigment in the red blood cells of the vascular network within the dermis. The relative concentrations of these chromophores provide a vital indicator for skin health and appearance. We present a technique to automatically estimate chromophore maps from RGB images of human faces captured with mobile devices such as smartphones. The ultimate goal is to provide a diagnostic aid for individuals to monitor and improve the quality of their facial skin. A previous method approaches the problem as one of blind source separation, and applies Independent Component Analysis (ICA) in camera RGB space to estimate the chromophores. We extend this technique in two important ways. First we observe that models for light transport in skin call for source separation to be performed in log spectral reflectance coordinates rather than in RGB. Thus we transform camera RGB to a spectral reflectance space prior to applying ICA. This process involves the use of a linear camera model and Principal Component Analysis to represent skin spectral reflectance as a lowdimensional manifold. The camera model requires knowledge of the incident illuminant, which we obtain via a novel technique that uses the human lip as a calibration object. Second, we address an inherent limitation with ICA that the ordering of the separated signals is random and ambiguous. We incorporate a domain-specific prior model for human chromophore spectra as a constraint in solving ICA. Results on a dataset of mobile camera images show high quality and unambiguous recovery of chromophores.

scholarly journals Hydraulic Performance Analysis and Modeling of Water Supply Distribution System of Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chalchisa Milkecha ◽  
Habtamu Itefa
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Hydraulic Performance ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
The University

This study was conducted generally by aiming assessment of the hydraulic performance of water distribution systems of Addis Ababa Science and Technology University (AASTU). In line with the main objective, this study addressed, (1) pinpointing problems of existing water supply versus demand deficit (2) evaluating the hydraulic performance of water distribution system using water GEMS and (3) recommended alternative methods for improving water demand scenarios. The University’s water supply distribution network layout was a looped system and the flow of water derived by both gravity and pressurized system. The gravity flow served for the academic and administrative staffs whereas the pressurized system of the network fed the students dormitories, cafeteria’s etc. The study revealed the existence of unmet minimum pressure requirement around the student dormitories which accounts 25.64% below the country’s building code standard during the peak hour consumption. The result of the water demand projection showed an increment of 2.5 liter per capita demand (LPCD) in every five years. Hence, first, the university’s water demand was projected and then hydraulic parameters such as; pressure, head loss and velocity were modeled for both the existing and the improved water supply distribution. The finding of the study was recommended to the university’s water supply project and institutional development offices for its future modification and rehabilitation works.

Intelligent Fault Diagnosis of Planetary Wheel Bearing Using Constrained Independent Component Analysis and Stacked Sparse Autoencoder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongkun Li ◽  
Gangjin Huang ◽  
Jiayu Ou ◽  
Yuanliang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Independent Component Analysis ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Independent Component ◽  
Mechanical Equipment ◽  
Training Samples ◽  
Sparse Autoencoder ◽  
Stacked Sparse Autoencoder ◽  
Constrained Independent Component Analysis ◽  
Wheel Bearing

Abstract Industrial machinery is developing in the direction of large-scale, automation, and high precision, which brings novel troubles to mechanical equipment management and maintenance. Intelligent diagnosis of mechanical running state based on vibration signals is becoming increasingly important, and it is still a great challenge at pattern recognition. As one of the indispensable components in mechanical equipment, planetary gearboxes are widely used in wind power, aerospace, and heavy industry. However, the problem of automatically maximizing the accuracy of planetary gearbox under different working conditions has not been solved. Therefore, an intelligent diagnosis method for planetary wheel bearing based on constrained independent component analysis (CICA) and stacked sparse autoencoder (SSAE) is presented in this research. Firstly, the fault signal with obvious time-domain characteristics is extracted by constrained independent component analysis (CICA), and the fault signals and noise is separated. Then, calculating the correlation kurtosis value of the time domain signals at different iteration periods as the eigenvalue to obtain the training samples and the test samples. The parameters of the network layer, the number of hidden nodes and learning rate are determined to build the model of SSAE. In the end, the training samples are input into the model for training and the whole network is fine-tuned. The advantages and disadvantages of the model are verified by the test samples. The intelligent classification and diagnosis of the mechanical running state are completed. Experiments analysis with real datasets of planetary wheel bearing show that the proposed method can achieve higher accuracy and robustness for fault classification compared with other data-driven methods. The application of this method in other major machinery industry also has bright prospects.

scholarly journals An Approach to Estimating Water Quality Changes in Water Distribution Systems Using Fault Tree Analysis

Resources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak ◽  
Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik ◽  
Dorota Papciak
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Fault Tree ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Fault Tree Analysis ◽  
Quality Changes ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Water Treatment Station

Given that a consequence of a lack of stability of the water in a distribution system is increased susceptibility to secondary contamination and, hence, a threat to consumer health, in the work detailed here we assessed the risk of such a system experiencing quality changes relating to the biological and chemical stability of water intended for drinking. Utilizing real operational data from a water treatment station, the presented analysis of the stability was performed based on the fault tree method. If they are to protect their critical-status water supply infrastructure, water supply companies should redouble their efforts to distribute stable water free of potentially corrosive properties. To that end, suggestions are made on the safeguarding of water distribution systems, with a view to ensuring the safety of operation and the long-term durability of pipes.

scholarly journals Optimal reconstruction of historical water supply to a distribution system: B. Applications

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Aral ◽  
J. Guan ◽  
M. L. Maslia ◽  
J. B. Sautner ◽  
R. E. Gillig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Toxic Substances

In a recently completed case-control epidemiological study, the New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services (NJDHSS) with support from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) documented an association between prenatal exposure to a specific contaminated community water source and leukaemia in female children. An important and necessary step in the epidemiological study was the reconstruction of the historical water supply strategy of the water distribution system serving the Dover Township area, New Jersey. The sensitivity of solutions to: (1) pressure and pattern factor constraints, (2) allowable operational extremes of water levels in the storage tanks, and (3) the non-uniqueness of the water supply solution are analysed in detail. The computational results show that the proposed approach yields satisfactory results for the complete set of monthly simulations and sensitivity analyses, providing a consistent approach for identifying the historical water supply strategy of the water distribution system. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the alternative strategy obtained from the revised objective function and the variation of constraints did not yield significantly different water supply characteristics. The overall analysis demonstrates that the progressive optimality genetic algorithm (POGA) developed to solve the optimization problem is an effective and efficient algorithm for the reconstruction of water supply strategies in water distribution systems.

scholarly journals Burst Detection in Water Distribution Systems: The Issue of Dataset Collection

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 8219
Author(s):  
Andrea Menapace ◽  
Ariele Zanfei ◽  
Manuel Felicetti ◽  
Diego Avesani ◽  
Maurizio Righetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Stochastic Modelling ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Supply Systems

Developing data-driven models for bursts detection is currently a demanding challenge for efficient and sustainable management of water supply systems. The main limit in the progress of these models lies in the large amount of accurate data required. The aim is to present a methodology for the generation of reliable data, which are fundamental to train anomaly detection models and set alarms. Thus, the results of the proposed methodology is to provide suitable water consumption data. The presented procedure consists of stochastic modelling of water request and hydraulic pipes bursts simulation to yield suitable synthetic time series of flow rates, for instance, inlet flows of district metered areas and small water supply systems. The water request is obtained through the superimposition of different components, such as the daily, the weekly, and the yearly trends jointly with a random normal distributed component based on the consumption mean and variance, and the number of users aggregation. The resulting request is implemented into the hydraulic model of the distribution system, also embedding background leaks and bursts using a pressure-driven approach with both concentrated and distributed demand schemes. This work seeks to close the gap in the field of synthetic generation of drinking water consumption data, by establishing a proper dedicated methodology that aims to support future water smart grids.

scholarly journals Exergy Evaluation of a Water Distribution System

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6221
Author(s):  
Jedrzej Bylka ◽  
Tomasz Mróz
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System

The water supply system is one of the most important elements in a city. Currently, many cities struggle with a water deficit problem. Water is a commonly available resource and constitutes the majority of land cover; however, its quality, in many cases, makes it impossible to use as drinking water. To treat and distribute water, it is necessary to supply a certain amount of energy to the system. An important goal of water utility operators is to assess the energy efficiency of the processes and components. Energy assessments are usually limited to the calculation of energy dissipation (sometimes called “energy loss”). From a physical point of view, the formulation of “energy loss” is incorrect; energy in water transport systems is not consumed but only transformed (dissipated) into other, less usable forms. In the water supply process, the quality of energy—exergy (ability to convert into another form)—is consumed; hence, a new evaluation approach is needed. The motivation for this study was the fact that there are no tools for exergy evaluation of water distribution systems. A model of the exergy balances for a water distribution system was proposed, which was tested for the selected case studies of a water supply system and a water treatment station. The tool developed allows us to identify the places with the highest exergy destructions. In the analysed case studies, the highest exergy destruction results from excess pressure (3939 kWh in a water supply system and 1082 kWh in a water treatment plant). The exergy analysis is more accurate for assessing the system compared to the commonly used energy-based methods. The result can be used for assessing and planning water supply system modernisation.

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