Effects of improved storage containers on the bacteriological quality of household drinking water in low-income urban communities in Ibadan, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth O. Oloruntoba ◽  
Toyin F. Babalola ◽  
Oyewale M. Morakinyo ◽  
Adejumo Mumuni
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Storage Containers ◽  
Hygiene Education ◽  
Ibadan Nigeria

This study assessed the effectiveness of improved storage containers on household drinking water quality in four low-income urban communities in Ibadan, Nigeria. Three hundred randomly selected respondents were interviewed, while 44 households were selected and randomly assigned to four improved container treatment groups: Covered Buckets with Taps (CBT), Covered Buckets without Taps (CB), Covered Kegs with Taps (CKT) and Covered Kegs without Taps (CK). Water samples from springs, regular storage containers (RSC), and improved containers were analysed for total coliform (TC), total viable bacteria (TVB) and Escherichia coli for 2 weeks. About 96% reported using the same containers for cooking and drinking water, while only 23.3% used a form of water treatment. TC count for RSC and CB exceeded the recommended limit. Only 3 (6.8%) of the samples from RSC contained E. coli. A statistically significant difference was observed between the mean TC counts of samples from the improved containers. Percentage reduction in TC count from RSC, and the improved containers (CB, CBT, CK and CKT) were 25.4%, 37.3%, 45.0%, 56.8% and 53.8% respectively. Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Proteus and Pseudomonas were isolated from the water samples. CK produced the best result. Hygiene education on use of appropriate storage containers for drinking water is recommended at the household level.

scholarly journals Water Quality Degradation after Water Storage at Household Level in a Piped Water System in Rural Guatemala

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-129
Author(s):  
Steven Lacey ◽  
Ramon Lopez ◽  
Charles Frangos ◽  
Amid Khodadoust
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Water System ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Limits Of Detection ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Storage Containers

In response to a rural community’s concern regarding diarrheal disease, particularly among children, a field assessment was performed to determine the concentration of 4 classes of indicator bacteria: aerobic bacteria, total coliform, fecal coliform and Escherichia coli. Matched supply tap and storage container samples were taken from 28 households; two additional samples were taken at the main storage tank. Total and free chlorine concentration was also determined for each sample. While nearly all samples taken from household taps were near or below limits of detection, samples from storage containers all showed high densities of indicator bacteria and one was positive for Salmonella. All chlorine measurements indicated concentrations of < 0.5 ppm. These data suggest that while the source well water shows indicator bacteria concentrations at or below limits of detection, drinking water becomes significantly more hazardous while in storage containers at the household level, and this reflects insufficient chlorination. An uninterrupted and adequately chlorinated water supply system is planned to eliminate the need for drinking water storage at the household level.

Effect of Storage Containers on Quality of Household Drinking Water in Urban Communities in Ibadan, Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Olanrewaju Onigbogi ◽  
Oluwatoyin Ogunyemi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Water Education ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Storage Containers ◽  
Handling Practices

<p>The method of storage is essential in maintaining water purity and safety for drinking purposes. This study assessed the effect of various storage containers on household drinking water quality in a resource-limited setting. A quasi-experimental design was adopted. Four communities using protected springs as household drinking water sources were purposively selected. Forty-four households were selected and randomly assigned to four treatment groups; namely Covered Buckets with Taps (CBT), Covered Buckets without Tap (CB), Covered Kegs with Taps (CKT) and Covered Kegs without Tap (CK).  Physicochemical analysis and bacteriological analysis were carried out on the water samples before and after they were put in the containers. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 12. At baseline, mean pH values of water samples from the springs and RSC were 6.4±0.6 and 7.1±0.7 respectively which were above the recommended. Mean chloride concentration of springs (14.3±7.4mg/l) and RSC (19.3±10.0 mg/l) samples were below recommended. Mean Total Coliform Count (TCC) of the springs in the four communities was 18.0±4.0 and mean TCC of RSC was 12.7±4.9. Five percent of water samples from RSC had mean <em>E.coli</em> count of 100/100ml. The mean TCC after introducing CB, CBT, CK and CKT in all the communities were 10.0±4.0, 8.5±4.2, 6.9±2.8 and 7.3±3.7 respectively (p&lt;0.05). The use of covered kegs without tap was best in reducing contaminants in drinking water. Education on appropriate household drinking water storage and handling practices is recommended.</p>

scholarly journals Comparative Assessment of Fecal Contamination in Piped-To-Plot Communal Source and Point-Of-Drinking Water

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1139
Author(s):  
Jannatul Ferdous ◽  
Rebeca Sultana ◽  
Ridwan Bin Rashid ◽  
Sabera Saima ◽  
Anowara Begum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Paired Data ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Wide Mouth ◽  
Hygiene Education

The aim of this study was to compare the water quality of piped-to-plot source water with point-of-drinking water in the households of a low-income urban area in Bangladesh. A total of 430 low-income households and 78 communal sources connected to these households were selected from the East Arichpur area of Dhaka. The water samples were collected from point-of-drinking vessels (household members’ preferred drinking vessels i.e., a mug, glass, or bottle) in households and from linked sources at six-week intervals between September 2014 and December 2015. Water samples were processed using standard membrane filtration and culture methods to quantify E. coli. Analysis of paired data from source and point-of-drinking water collected on the same day showed that fecal contamination increased from source to point-of-drinking water in the households in 51% (626/1236) of samples. Comparison between bottles vs. other wide-mouth vessels (i.e., glasses, mugs, jugs) showed significantly lower odds (p = 0.000, OR = 0.58, (0.43–0.78)) of fecal contamination compared to other drinking vessels. The findings suggest that recontamination and post-treatment contamination at the point of drinking play a significant role in water contamination in households. Hygiene education efforts in the future should target the promotion of narrow-mouth drinking vessels to reduce contamination.

scholarly journals Enumeration of total and Feacal coliform bacteria of some borehole water in Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-226
Author(s):  
Nuru Adamu Garkuwa ◽  
Sa’adatu Said Mustapha ◽  
Sani Aliyu Ibrahim ◽  
Muhammad Yusha’u ◽  
Mansur Abdulrasheed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Need For Treatment ◽  
Standard Culture ◽  
Borehole Water

Inadequate provision of potable drinking water in relation to teaming population is forcing most of the urban communities to drink untreated water obtained from traditional boreholes. Hence, the need to assess the portability of drinking water. In this research, boreholes water samples collected within Gombe city were investigated bacteriologically using multiple tube fermentation and pour plate methods to examine feacal coliform and coliform bacterial counts respectively; bacterial isolation was conducted using standard culture methods.  Identification of the bacterial Isolates were carried out by macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical examinations. Total coliform bacteria ranges from <3 to 11 MPN/100 ml and 1 to 3 MPN/100ml for faecal coliform. The borehole water samples from studied areas had high counts of faecal coliforms (Escherichia coli), and other pathogens like Entrobacter and Salmonella. The findings showed that all the borehole water analysed were not suitable for human consumption and may pose a serious threat to the health of consumers and therefore, there is need for treatment of these borehole waters by the borehole proprietors and also by simple treatment methods such as boiling, filtration before drinking and agitation by the consumers.    Keywords: Borehole water, Quality, Isolation, Identification, Coliform bacteria

scholarly journals Effect of Storage Containers on Quality of Household Drinking Water in Urban Communities in Ibadan, Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Olanrewaju Onigbogi ◽  
Oluwatoyin Ogunyemi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Water Education ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Storage Containers ◽  
Handling Practices

<p>The method of storage is essential in maintaining water purity and safety for drinking purposes. This study assessed the effect of various storage containers on household drinking water quality in a resource-limited setting. A quasi-experimental design was adopted. Four communities using protected springs as household drinking water sources were purposively selected. Forty-four households were selected and randomly assigned to four treatment groups; namely Covered Buckets with Taps (CBT), Covered Buckets without Tap (CB), Covered Kegs with Taps (CKT) and Covered Kegs without Tap (CK).  Physicochemical analysis and bacteriological analysis were carried out on the water samples before and after they were put in the containers. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 12. At baseline, mean pH values of water samples from the springs and RSC were 6.4±0.6 and 7.1±0.7 respectively which were above the recommended. Mean chloride concentration of springs (14.3±7.4mg/l) and RSC (19.3±10.0 mg/l) samples were below recommended. Mean Total Coliform Count (TCC) of the springs in the four communities was 18.0±4.0 and mean TCC of RSC was 12.7±4.9. Five percent of water samples from RSC had mean <em>E.coli</em> count of 100/100ml. The mean TCC after introducing CB, CBT, CK and CKT in all the communities were 10.0±4.0, 8.5±4.2, 6.9±2.8 and 7.3±3.7 respectively (p&lt;0.05). The use of covered kegs without tap was best in reducing contaminants in drinking water. Education on appropriate household drinking water storage and handling practices is recommended.</p>

scholarly journals Physiochemical and Microbiological Analysis of Drinking Water in Chattogram City, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
Kanij Fatema Nishan ◽  
Nilufa Yeasmin ◽  
Urmi Rani Devi ◽  
Sumiya Akter ◽  
Md. Abu Bakar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Total Dissolved Solid

Chattogram is the second most populated city in Bangladesh. This port city faces a serious threat mainly due to the lack of safe drinking water. This study was conducted for determining drinking water quality of groundwater sources in Chattogram city. The study was performed in the BCSIR laboratory, Chattogram. It was carried out for a period of six months from 1st July, 2018 to 31th December, 2018. Total six water samples were collected from three different locations (Baluchora, C&B colony and Khulshi area). Each sampling location consists of two separate sampling points. Physicochemical parameters of the collected samples like Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solid (TDS), Hardness, Turbidity and concentration of Cl, As, Mn, Fe, Pb, Cr and Cd were examined. Microbial parameters like Total Coliform (TC) were also measured. All the analyzed parameters compared with BSTI and WHO drinking water quality standards to understand the overall ground water quality status of the study area. The results reveal that water samples in almost all locations were contaminated with microbial contamination and that the range of physico-chemical parameters was not adequate for consumption. Preliminary treatments like boiling, filtering etc are required before using groundwater for drinking and the necessary measures must be taken for a safe alternative source of drinking water.

scholarly journals Drinking Water Security in the Mid-hill Region of Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
Durga D. Poudel ◽  
Timothy W. Duex ◽  
Roshan Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Land Use Type ◽  
Hill Region ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Spring Type

Drinking water security is increasingly becoming a global concern in recent decades. The mid-hill region of Nepal is also experiencing serious water shortages in recent years. In order to assess the availability of drinking water in the mid-hill regions of Nepal, we studied hydrogeology, land use types and collected water samples from 30 springs in Kavre, Kahmandu Valley, Nuwakot and Tanahu in Nepal between July 17-September 12, 2017. For each sampling spring, while surrounding land use type (mixed, agriculture, urban, vegetation) and spring type (fracture, depression, contact) were determined through field observation, the field pH, conductivity and temperature was determined using relevant probes and thermometers. Water samples were collected in 1L and 165mL plastic bottles for chemical and total coliform determination, respectively, in the lab. Bottles were rinsed twice using spring water before filling them with sample water, then stored in an ice chest, and brought to the lab. In the laboratory, turbidity, conductivity, Ca, Mg, HCO3, SO4, Na, NO3, Cl, Fe, As, and total coliform were determined using standard methods. Spring water in agricultural areas showed significantly higher suspended solids compared to other land use types whereas spring water in urban areas showed significantly higher dissolved substances. By spring type, turbidity and conductivity values and the concentration of dissolved constituents (Ca, Mg, HCO3, SO4, NO3, and Cl) were ranked in the order of fracture < contact < depression. Na and Fe concentration were in the order of fracture = contact < depression. By land-use type, conductivity and dissolved constituents (Ca, Mg, HCO3) were in the order of agriculture < vegetation < mixed < urban. Whereas urban land use had the highest values for SO4, Na, NO3, and Cl, other land use types showed variable order. Fe concentration was ranked in the order of urban < mixed < vegetation < agriculture. Total coliform was in the order of mixed < agriculture < urban < vegetation. These results indicate that land use type and surface condition, which is possibly associated with human activities, heavily affect spring water properties in the region. These results suggest that drinking water security of mid-hill region of Nepal is threatened heavily due to poor spring water quality. Protection of drinking water sources should be specific to land use type and activities around the springs. Index Terms— three to six pertinent, specific to the paper, keywords added after the abstract, separated by commas.

scholarly journals Borehole water: a potential health risk to rural communities in South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Taonameso ◽  
L. S. Mudau ◽  
A. N. Traoré ◽  
N. Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Point Mapping ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Mapping Tool

Abstract Sporadic outbreaks of diarrhoea in children in the Vhembe rural areas could be an indication of contamination in drinking water sources. In areas where improved water sources are used, not all rural households experience the benefits of these improved water sources. Water samples were collected from boreholes in three wards in the Vhembe District to determine microbiological risks over a 5-month period. A Water Point Mapping tool was used to indicate the borehole distribution. Water samples were taken from each functional borehole and analysed for total coliform and Escherichia coli counts, electrical conductivity, pH and temperature. A multiplex PCR protocol was used for identification of pathogenic E. coli. A total of 125 boreholes were identified of which only 12 were functional. Seven boreholes tested positive for total coliforms and E. coli counts. Four boreholes (33.3%) tested positive for diarrhoeagenic E. coli. Fifty-eight percent (58%) of water samples were without health risks, 17% were low risk and 25% could cause infection according to the South African water quality standards. This study indicated the importance of the role of the Municipalities and the maintenance plans that need to ensure that all boreholes are functional and provide safe drinking water to the rural communities.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Pepper Mild Mottle Virus in Drinking Water Sources in Japan

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (23) ◽  
pp. 7413-7418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiji Haramoto ◽  
Masaaki Kitajima ◽  
Naohiro Kishida ◽  
Yoshiaki Konno ◽  
Hiroyuki Katayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Environmental Waters ◽  
Pepper Mild Mottle Virus ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRACTPepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is a plant virus that has been recently proposed as a potential indicator of human fecal contamination of environmental waters; however, information on its geographical occurrence in surface water is still limited. We aimed to determine the seasonal and geographic occurrence of PMMoV in drinking water sources all over Japan. Between July 2008 and February 2011, 184 source water samples were collected from 30 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs); viruses from 1 to 2 liters of each sample were concentrated by using an electronegative membrane, followed by RNA extraction and reverse transcription. Using quantitative PCR, PMMoV was detected in 140 (76%) samples, with a concentration ranging from 2.03 × 103to 2.90 × 106copies/liter. At least one of the samples from 27 DWTPs (n= 4 or 8) was positive for PMMoV; samples from 10 of these DWTPs were always contaminated. There was a significant difference in the occurrence of PMMoV among geographical regions but not a seasonal difference. PMMoV was frequently detected in samples that were negative for human enteric virus orEscherichia coli. A phylogenetic analysis based on the partial nucleotide sequences of the PMMoV coat protein gene in 12 water samples from 9 DWTPs indicated that there are genetically diverse PMMoV strains present in drinking water sources in Japan. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the occurrence of PMMoV in environmental waters across wide geographical regions.

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