Microbiological performance of novel household water treatment devices in India

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. P. Bhathena ◽  
S. Shrivastava ◽  
Poonam Londhe ◽  
Joe Brown
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Testing Temperature ◽  
World Health ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
Gravity Driven ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Novel Devices

Commercial innovation of household-scale water treatment (HWT) devices is rapid in India, where unsafe drinking water contributes to the high burden of disease and death associated with diarrhoeal diseases. Performance testing data for novel devices are not publicly available and there has been no systematic attempt to independently verify manufacturer effectiveness claims. We purchased three gravity-driven HWT devices available on the Indian market to evaluate their performance in reducing bacteria, viruses, and protozoan surrogates in the laboratory according to World Health Organization testing protocols. Results indicated that technologies were moderately effective in reducing Escherichia coli (1.6–2.9 log10) and MS2 (1.4–2.8 log10), and less effective against Bacillus subtilis spores (0.73–2.2 log10) and 3 μm microspheres (0.33–0.56 log10), as means over the testing period (750–4,000 l). Effectiveness declined sharply over the duration of testing for each device, suggesting that the manufacturer-specified effective lifespans were overestimated for all devices. Moderate variability was observed across challenge conditions intended to represent actual use conditions, but performance was not significantly different between challenge waters or ambient testing temperature. Our results suggest that these novel devices do not meet international minimum performance recommendations and that manufacturer effectiveness claims are misleading. Further technological innovation and regulation in this sector may serve to protect public health.

Morphology, composition and performance of a ceramic filter for household water treatment in Indonesia

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Matthies ◽  
H. Bitter ◽  
N. Deobald ◽  
M. Heinle ◽  
R. Diedel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
World Health ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Governmental Organization ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Health Organization

People in rural developing areas often depend on point-of-use water treatment for safe drinking water. A very popular and efficient technology for this is the use of ceramic filters, as promoted by the non-governmental organization Potters for Peace. These filters are already used in many countries worldwide, including Indonesia, where they are manufactured in Bandung, Java by Pelita Indonesia. The filters are made of local clay and combustible material, and coated with silver after firing. However, data available on them are very scarce. The structure, composition, and physico-chemical and microbiological performance of the filter were examined. Pore sizes mostly ranged from 1 to 40 µm and flow rate was about 1.3 L/h. Silver, arsenic and manganese were leaching from the filter in remarkable concentrations. While values for silver were about 0.01–0.02 mg/L, manganese was washed out after a few liters and leaching of arsenic fell below 0.02 mg/L after filtering some liters. With a log reduction of 3–5, efficiency in bacteria reduction was satisfactory in contrast to virus removal which was not sufficient according to the World Health Organization guidelines, with a log reduction below 1.

Microbiological quality of chlorinated water after storage in ceramic pots

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 250-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clair Null ◽  
Daniele Lantagne
Keyword(s):  
Storage Time ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Rural Kenya ◽  
Health Organization

Household water treatment with sodium hypochlorite has been shown to reduce self-reported diarrheal disease in developing countries. Reported hypochlorite use, time since treatment, total chlorine residual (TCR), and E. coli concentration results from 589 household surveys in rural Kenya were analyzed to quantify the effect of exceeding recommended 24 hour post-treatment water storage time in ceramic pots. Exceeding storage time recommendations impacted treatment efficacy, as 87% of reported treaters with TCR ≥ 0.2 mg/L storing their water ≤ 24 hours met World Health Organization (WHO) E. coli guideline values, compared to 77% of reported treaters with TCR ≥ 0.2 mg/L storing water >24 hours (p = 0.024) and 7% of reported non-treaters. Implementing organizations face the trade-off between promoting treating water every 24 hours and accepting slightly compromised efficacy.

Performance and cost comparison of a gravity-driven free-end membrane and other water filtration systems for household water treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 837-850
Author(s):  
Jonghun Lee ◽  
Kwang Pyo Son ◽  
Pyung-Kyu Park ◽  
Soo Hong Noh
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Gravity Driven

Abstract Various types of gravity-driven membrane (GDM) systems have been developed to solve household water treatment problems. A gravity-driven free-end membrane (E-GDM) system was developed to mitigate the deposition of cake on the membrane more effectively than other commercialized GDM systems. The E-GDM system was manually operated with permeability of 12.94 and 1.75 L/m2/h/kPa for a kaolin suspension and a wastewater treatment plant influent sample, respectively, showing the highest average permeability and flow rate among all GDM systems. The GDM systems tested in this study met the daily minimum water requirement of a five-person family, except for a case in which wastewater treatment plant influent is filtered using a commercialized GDM system. According to permeability data from an accelerated cleaning test, the E-GDM system can be expected to guarantee 79,858 L of safe drinking water during its lifetime. The annual cost of the E-GDM system was assessed to be US$5.71 per household, which allows household water treatment in low- and middle-income countries.

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