Water supply methods in Ancient Thera: the case of the sanctuary of Apollo Karneios

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 638-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Bitis
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Visual Reconstruction ◽  
The Hill ◽  
The City ◽  
The Temple

The same natural water sources which enabled people to settle the island of Thera in the 8th century BC, are still visible today on the hill of Mesa Vouno. An extensive infrastructure for the exploitation of rainwaters was established in the city of Ancient Thera on Mesa Vouno, which is striking for the quality of its construction as well as the inventiveness of its builders. Rainwater followed the course that was prescribed for its storage from the flat rooftops to underground cisterns. The water on the roof of the temple of Apollo Karneios followed a comparable route, the study of which answered many questions regarding a false – as it turned out – reconstruction of the temple plan. The above study is completed by the production of an axonometric visual reconstruction of the temple.

scholarly journals RISK ASSESSMENT OF CHILDREN’S HEALTH DUE TO THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES OF THE NON-CENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY OF THE CITY OF EKATERINBURG

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
pp. 997-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia G. Konshina
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arsenic Compounds ◽  
Traditional Assessment ◽  
The City

Introduction. In recent years, the risk assessment methodology has become the leading tool for assessing the health of various groups of the population, allowing identifying priority negative environmental factors. Material and methods. There were explored 212 wells, including 150 in collective gardens and 62 in cottage settlements. The priority oral route of chemical intake into the body was studied. Results. Nitrates and arsenic compounds create the main non-carcinogenic risk in the sources of non-centralized water supply in the territory of the Municipal Settlement of the city of ekaterinburg. When using water from wells in cottage settlements levels of non-carcinogenic risks are significantly lower than non-carcinogenic risks in horticultural partnerships. Acceptable level of non-carcinogenic risk for children under 6 years are related with 17.4% of water sources in collective gardens and 25% of wells in cottage settlements; for adults - 60.8% and 93.8% respectively. The detected nitrate concentrations in individual wells of horticultural associations can create a high non-carcinogenic risk. The total individual lifetime carcinogenic risk, both in the water of collective gardens and in the water wells of cottage settlements ranges from 10-5 to 10-4 and, therefore, is at a low level, the greatest contribution is made by arsenic compounds. Discussion. In contrast to the earlier traditional assessment of drinking water quality, when the main substances for which the discrepancy was found to hygienic standards were manganese, nitrates, iron and silicon, in the assessment of water danger using the methodology of risk assessment, nitrates and arsenic come to the first place, with a much smaller role of manganese. The calculation of carcinogenic risks using age correction factors (ADAF) has increased the risk values calculated by the traditional method by almost 2 times. Summary Levels of non-carcinogenic risks when using water from wells in cottage settlements are significantly lower than non-carcinogenic risks in horticultural partnerships.

scholarly journals Impact of Changes in Land Use and Land Cover in the Contribution Basin of Doutor João Penido Water Supply Reservoir of Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Juliana Nazareth de Lana ◽  
Márcio de Oliveira ◽  
Vanessa Romario de Paula ◽  
Cézar Henrique Barra Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The City ◽  
Water Supply Reservoirs ◽  
Limnological Parameters

Changes in the land use and land cover in areas adjacent to water reservoirs directly affect the quality of this water. This research presents a study on the water quality in the basin of one of the most important public water supply reservoirs in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. The main objective of this study was to analyze the behavior of limnological parameters and the correlation with land use and land cover in the contribution basin of the Doutor João Penido reservoir (CBJPR). The methodology was based on the analysis of water quality parameters, related to water samples collected from 2012 to 2015. Six sampling points were chosen from different locations: spring, medium course, main tributaries of the reservoir and the reservoir catchment. The parameters analyzed were turbidity, total solids (TS), oxygen consumed (OC), dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), E. Coli, temperature, pH and total dissolved solids (TDS). The Kendall’s tau test was used to analyze the correlations between the parameters of water quality, land use and land cover in the CBJPR. In general, measured parameters showed better results in spring and in reservoir catchment, showing a worse quality of the water along the tributaries and the dilution power of the reservoir. The correlations pointed to the need for protection and preservation of forests in strategic locations to ensure good water quality.

PROBLEMS OF WATER SUPPLY IN THE TERRITORY OF THE OREL REGION AND WAYS TO SOLVE IT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Павел Алексеевич Лапин ◽  
Сергей Александрович Копылов ◽  
Дмитрий Васильевич Елисеев
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
The State ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
The City

В статье анализируется состояние водного фонда в области и обеспеченность жителей региона водой. Рассматриваются основные проблемы неудовлетворительного качества воды в районах области и в г. Орле. Предлагается комплекс мероприятий с целью повышение качества водоснабжения на территории Орловской области путём строительства пяти объектов водоснабжения. The article analyzes the state of the water fund in the region and the provision of water to the residents of the region. The main problems of unsatisfactory water quality in the districts of the region and in the city of Orel are considered. A set of measures is proposed to improve the quality of water supply in the territory of the Orel region through the construction of five water supply facilities.

The Well-Watered Acropolis at Athens

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora P. Crouch
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban History ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Water Utilization ◽  
The North ◽  
Drainage Channels ◽  
History Of ◽  
Map Series ◽  
The City

Persons with some knowledge of the Athenian acropolis are likely to be aware of the very early Mycenaean spring in the north-northwest quadrant, and of the still flowing Klepsydra Spring at the northwest corner, as well as remember stories about Poseidon’s salt spring adjacent to the Erechtheum. Yet to connect the presence of water on the Acropolis with the urban history of Athens has not been explicitly done to date, even though the Acropolis has been the focus of settlement from earliest times until today. It is the purpose of this section to set out what is known about water utilization at the Athenian Acropolis, thereby suggesting firm ecological reasons why settlement should have taken place on and near the Acropolis (Fig. 18.1). Travlos’ map series of the city of Athens (1960) centered on the Acropolis show us that this hill has always been the focus of settlement, a fact well known to the ancient Athenians themselves (Thucydides, 2:15.3– 6). I suggest that not only the defensive capabilities of the Acropolis but specifically its water supply made it the logical choice of location for groups who intended to live securely and to dominate the region. The number and diversity of water sources here is impressive. In each era it has been necessary to cope with the water that occurred naturally and to save for later use the rain and spring waters that drew settlers to this rocky outcropping. Let us note the locations of water on the Acropolis at several levels, with references to published accounts of some of the features and descriptions (based on surface reconnaissance and discussion with experts) of those for which I have not been able to find such accounts. Discussion of the geology of the Acropolis will be found with the paragraphs about the salt spring. After this topographical discussion, we will look briefly at the chronology of water on the Acropolis, followed by a concluding discussion of urban history. Immediately to the left of the Propylaea, inside the Acropolis wall, are rectangular cisterns dug into the rock of the surface, with rock-cut drainage channels leading to them from the central pathway.

scholarly journals Assessment of the chemical quality of drinking water in Cambodia

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Feldman ◽  
Jan-Willem Rosenboom ◽  
Mao Saray ◽  
Chea Samnang ◽  
Peng Navuth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Chemical Quality ◽  
Drinking Water Sources

Most water supply programmes in Cambodia have focused on providing access to bacteriologically safe water, an approach which has led to an increasing reliance on ground water, especially in rural areas. However, there have been very few data collected on the chemical quality of the nation's drinking water sources, and few water supply programmes have the capacity to assess chemical quality. The study was designed to address this data gap by conducting a low-cost, rapid assessment of drinking water sources nationwide to determine whether there were any chemicals of concern in Cambodian water supply sources. Results of the assessment confirm that there are several parameters of health and aesthetic concern; dissolved arsenic is the most significant. Elevated arsenic levels (some exceeding 500 μg l-1) were detected in aquifers of moderate depth in several highly populated areas, confirming that further investigation of the occurrence of arsenic contamination in Cambodia is warranted. Other chemicals of health concern include nitrate, nitrite, fluoride and manganese. Additionally, many ground water sources are negatively impacted by parameters of aesthetic concern, such as iron, manganese, hardness and total dissolved solids. Elevated levels of these parameters have caused consumers to reject newly installed water supplies, often in favour of surface water sources that are bacteriologically unsafe.

scholarly journals PUBLIC ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY IN THE CITY OF NORILSK

2021 ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
N. V. Karmanovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Supply Network ◽  
Water Supply Network ◽  
Industrial Region ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
The City ◽  
Concentration Of Impurities

According to UN estimates, the shortage of safe drinking water can become one of the most acute and pressing problems. The specificity of this problem for Russia is not a shortage of water resources, but their pollution and ongoing degradation of water bodies. The quality of water is understood as the totality of its properties associated with the nature and concentration of impurities in the water. Water analysis is the only tool for monitoring its condition and properties. During the experiment, a team of researchers took samples of drinking water from the water supply network in various districts of the Norilsk industrial region, studied the dependence of the quality characteristics of water on the location and sampling method. Based on the findings, conclusions on the quality of drinking water were drawn. During the experiment, the authors found that in terms of organoleptic indicators, drinking water in all areas of the NIR meets the requirements of Sanitary Rules and Regulations and GOST. Taking samples at three control points of the Norilsk industrial region, it has been proven that the water is soft and its salt content is mainly due to the presence of hardness salts. Having made the necessary analyses, the authors found that the presence of microorganisms in the water supply network of the NIR is not significant, the permanganate oxidisability indicator does not exceed the requirements of Sanitary Rules and Regulations.

scholarly journals Моніторинг підземних вод Полісся

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
I. V. Zakharkevich ◽  
A. K. Zapolskiy
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Intensive Agriculture ◽  
Qualitative Composition ◽  
Nitrate Ion ◽  
High Level

Qualitative composition of the drinking water from underground sources of the decentralized water-supply of the Polissya region with intensive agriculture has been analysed. The sanitary inspection of water sources was conducted. Monitoring of underwaters quality testifies the admissible content of chlorides which are within the normative limits, but fluorides are considerably less than physiological requirements. High level of iron was registered in all studied districts but the nitrate-ion is in Naroditscky and Popylyansky districts. In Naroditscky and Ovrutsky districts the quality of drinking water may be characterized as moderately polluted. Advices on the improvement of the drinking water quality are proposed.

scholarly journals About the question of the assessment of the drinking water quality in centralized water systems in the current conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 563-568
Author(s):  
Yuliya A. Novikova ◽  
K. B. Friedman ◽  
V. N. Fedorov ◽  
A. A. Kovshov ◽  
N. A. Tikhonova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
The City

Introduction. Regulation of drinking water quality is a very important area of health care and improving the quality of life of the population of the Russian Federation.The aim of this work is the development a model for the assessment of the drinking water quality and calculating the share of the population, including urban, provided with high-quality drinking water from centralized water supply systems, taking into account new methodological approaches to the evaluation of the quality of drinking water using the example of water supply to settlements in the Leningrad Region. Material and methods. The data on the organization of centralized cold water supply systems and monitoring systems for drinking water quality and the results of laboratory studies of drinking water quality in the cities of Volkhov, Svetogorsk, Slantsy, Tosno were studied. Statistical processing of the results was performed, the categories of quality of drinking water supplied to the population were determined, the number of the population provided with high-quality drinking water from the water supply system was calculated in accordance with Guidelines 2.1.4.0143-19.Results. In 2018, 100% of the population was provided with quality drinking water only in the city of Slantsy. In the city of Tosno, this index reached of 83.5%. In the cities of Volkhov and Svetogorsk, drinking water was rated as low-quality. But it is worth noting that in the cities of Volkhov and Slantsy laboratory tests were carried out at 2 points, in the city of Svetogorsk - only at the 1 point, which, given the number of residents, is not enough. For an objective assessment of the state of drinking water and the development of measures aimed at improving its quality, it is necessary to increase the number of monitoring points, as well as to include the results of control and supervision measures and production laboratory control conducted by water supply organizations in the volume of laboratory information.Conclusion. The proposed model allows us to assess the drinking water quality in centralized water supply systems and the proportion of the population, including urban, provided with quality drinking water at the level of the water supply system, settlement, municipal district (urban district), subject of the Russian Federation

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