Comparison of evaporation rates for seawater and brine from reverse osmosis in traditional salt works: empirical correlations

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando A. Rodríguez ◽  
Dunia E. Santiago ◽  
Nut Franquiz Suárez ◽  
J. A. Ortega Méndez ◽  
José M. Veza
Keyword(s):  
High Salinity ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Empirical Correlations ◽  
High Salinity Water ◽  
Evaporation Ponds ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Salt Works ◽  
Low Salinity Water ◽  
Salinity Water ◽  
The Difference

The use of evaporation ponds is one alternative to direct disposal of desalination brine. Evaporation ponds are shallow basins that expose their contents to the environment, reducing liquid volume by means of evaporation. As they resemble traditional salt works that customarily use seawater, evaporation ponds were analyzed for their use for brine desalination management. In order to numerically evaluate this modification, a comparative study of the evaporation rate achieved in both traditional salt works and in evaporation ponds was carried out. Two equations were obtained for each estimation. The numerical expressions are specific for high salinity water as opposed to those available for low salinity water. These equations show the influence of fluid nature, the effect of wind and the lower brine evaporation capacity. It was observed in this study that the difference in brine evaporation capacity through the use of seawater is low enough to indicate that the use of brine in traditional salt works allows an increase in salt production without necessarily multiplying the surface required for evaporation.

scholarly journals Modelling Low-Salinity Water Flooding as a Tertiary Oil Recovery Technique

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Oluwasanmi Olabode ◽  
David Alaigba ◽  
Daniel Oramabo ◽  
Oreofeoluwa Bamigboye
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
High Salinity Water ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Low Salinity Water ◽  
First Case ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Tertiary Oil Recovery ◽  
Salinity Water ◽  
Field Production

In this project, low-salinity water flooding has been modeled on ECLIPSE black oil simulator in three cases for a total field production life of twenty-five years. In the first case, low-salinity water flooding starts fifteen years after secondary water flooding. For the second case, low-salinity water flooding starts five years after secondary water flooding and runs till the end of the field production life. For the third case, low-salinity water flooding starts five years after secondary water flooding, but low-salinity water flooding is injected in measured pore volumes for a short period of time; then, high-salinity water flooding was resumed till the end of the field production life. This was done to measure the effect of low-salinity water flooding as slug injection. From the three cases presented, oil recovery efficiency, field oil production rate, and field water cut were observed. Increased percentages of 22.66%, 35.12%, and 26.77% were observed in the three cases, respectively.

Enhancing Heavy-Oil-Recovery Efficiency by Combining Low-Salinity-Water and Polymer Flooding

SPE Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Yang Zhao ◽  
Shize Yin ◽  
Randall S. Seright ◽  
Samson Ning ◽  
Yin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Polymer Flooding ◽  
Heavy Oil Recovery ◽  
Sweep Efficiency ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Low Salinity Water ◽  
Salinity Water ◽  
Increased Oil Recovery

Summary Combining low-salinity-water (LSW) and polymer flooding was proposed to unlock the tremendous heavy-oil resources on the Alaska North Slope (ANS). The synergy of LSW and polymer flooding was demonstrated through coreflooding experiments at various conditions. The results indicate that the high-salinity polymer (HSP) (salinity = 27,500 ppm) requires nearly two-thirds more polymer than the low-salinity polymer (LSP) (salinity = 2,500 ppm) to achieve the target viscosity at the condition of this study. Additional oil was recovered from LSW flooding after extensive high-salinity-water (HSW) flooding [3 to 9% of original oil in place (OOIP)]. LSW flooding performed in secondary mode achieved higher recovery than that in tertiary mode. Also, the occurrence of water breakthrough can be delayed in the LSW flooding compared with the HSW flooding. Strikingly, after extensive LSW flooding and HSP flooding, incremental oil recovery (approximately 8% of OOIP) was still achieved by LSP flooding with the same viscosity as the HSP. The pH increase of the effluent during LSW/LSP flooding was significantly greater than that during HSW/HSP flooding, indicating the presence of the low-salinity effect (LSE). The residual-oil-saturation (Sor) reduction induced by the LSE in the area unswept during the LSW flooding (mainly smaller pores) would contribute to the increased oil recovery. LSP flooding performed directly after waterflooding recovered more incremental oil (approximately 10% of OOIP) compared with HSP flooding performed in the same scheme. Apart from the improved sweep efficiency by polymer, the low-salinity-induced Sor reduction also would contribute to the increased oil recovery by the LSP. A nearly 2-year pilot test in the Milne Point Field on the ANS has shown impressive success of the proposed hybrid enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) process: water-cut reduction (70 to less than 15%), increasing oil rate, and no polymer breakthrough so far. This work has demonstrated the remarkable economical and technical benefits of combining LSW and polymer flooding in enhancing heavy-oil recovery.

scholarly journals The distribution of Recent Radiolaria in surficial sediments of the continental margin off northern Namibia

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Robson
Keyword(s):  
Continental Margin ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
High Salinity Water ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Apparent Correlation ◽  
Benguela Current ◽  
Salinity Water

Abstract. 47 Species of radiolaria have been identified from 30 surface sediment samples collected along transects across the continental margin of northern Namibia between the Kunene River and Walvis Bay. From the distribution patterns of the 24 most abundant species, it was possible to identify a warm water, high salinity population and a cold water, low salinity population. The distribution patterns of each population shows a close correspondence with the known positions of the Angola Current (warm, high salinity water) and the Benguela Current (cold, low salinity water) respectively. Two other trends are apparent from the overall radiolaria distribution; dilution of the nearshore samples by terrigeneous input and a strong preference for open ocean conditions. There is no apparent correlation with upwelling.

scholarly journals Yield and ion content in maize irrigated with saline water in a continuous or alternating system

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1731-1737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe de Sousa Barbosa ◽  
Claudivan Feitosa de Lacerda ◽  
Hans Raj Gheyi ◽  
Gabriel Castro Farias ◽  
Ricardo José da Costa Silva Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Salinity ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
High Salinity Water ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Salinity Water ◽  
Maize Plants

Irrigation with water containing salt in excess can affect crop development. However, management strategies can be used in order to reduce the impacts of salinity, providing increased efficiency in the use of good quality water. The objective of this research was to study the effects of use of high salinity water for irrigation, in continuous or cyclic manner, on vegetative growth, yield, and accumulation of ions in maize plants. Two experiments were conducted during the months from October to January of the years 2008/2009 and 2009/2010, in the same area, adopting a completely randomized block design with four replications. Irrigation was performed with three types of water with electrical conductivities (ECw) of 0.8 (A1), 2.25 (A2) and 4.5 (A3) dS m-1, combined in seven treatments including the control with low salinity water (A1) throughout the crop cycle (T1). Saline waters (A2 and A3) were applied continuously (T2 and T5) or in a cyclic way, the latter being formed by six irrigations with A1 water followed by six irrigations by eitherA2 or A3 water, starting with A1 at sowing (T3 and T6) or 6 irrigations with A2 or A3 water followed by 6 irrigations with A1 water (T4 and T7) . The use of low and high salinity water resulted in lower accumulation of potentially toxic ions (Na and Cl) and improvement in the Na/K balance in the shoots of maize plants. Application of saline water in a cyclic way also allows the substitution of about 50% of water of low salinity in irrigation, without negative impacts on maize yield.

scholarly journals Contrasting Response of the Eastern and Western North Atlantic Circulation to an Episodic Climate Event*

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1630-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayan H. Chaudhuri ◽  
Avijit Gangopadhyay ◽  
James J. Bisagni
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
High Salinity Water ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
The North ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Salinity Water ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The North Atlantic Oscillation

Abstract Regional observational studies in the North Atlantic have noted significant hydrographical shifts in 1997–98 because of the episodic drop in the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) during 1996. Investigation using a basin-scale model finds that, although the western North Atlantic (WNA) witnessed unusually low-salinity water by 1997, the eastern North Atlantic (ENA) simultaneously evidenced intrusions of high-salinity water at intermediate depths. This study shows that a major source of high salinity in the ENA is from the northward penetration of Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) that occurred concurrently with a westward shift of the subpolar front. The authors confirm that the low-salinity intrusion in the WNA is from enhanced Labrador Current flow. Results from climatological high- and low-NAO simulations suggest that the NAO-induced circulation changes that occurred in 1997–98 are a characteristic North Atlantic basin response to different forcing conditions during characteristic high- and low-NAO periods.

Seasonal Variability of the Observed Barrier Layer in the Arabian Sea*

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 624-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankajakshan Thadathil ◽  
Prasad Thoppil ◽  
R. R. Rao ◽  
P. M. Muraleedharan ◽  
Y. K. Somayajulu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
Barrier Layer ◽  
Seasonal Variability ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Winter Monsoon ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Low Salinity Water ◽  
Salinity Water ◽  
Peak Summer

Abstract The formation mechanisms of the barrier layer (BL) and its seasonal variability in the Arabian Sea (AS) are studied using a comprehensive dataset of temperature and salinity profiles from Argo and other archives for the AS. Relatively thick BL of 20–60 m with large spatial extent is found in the central-southwestern AS (CSWAS), the convergence zone of the monsoon wind, during the peak summer monsoon (July–August) and in the southeastern AS (SEAS) and northeastern AS (NEAS) during the winter (January–February). Although the BL in the SEAS has been reported before, the observed thick BL in the central-southwestern AS during the peak summer monsoon and in the northeastern AS during late winter are the new findings of this study. The seasonal variability of BL thickness (BLT) is closely related to the processes that occur during summer and winter monsoons. During both seasons, the Ekman processes and the distribution of low-salinity waters in the surface layer show a dominant influence on the observed BLT distributions. In addition, Kelvin and Rossby waves also modulate the observed BL thickness in the AS. The relatively low salinity surface water overlying the Arabian Sea high-salinity water (ASHSW) provides an ideal ground for strong haline stratification in the CSWAS (during summer monsoon) and in NEAS (during winter monsoon). During summer, northward advection of equatorial low-salinity water by the Somali Current and the offshore advection of low-salinity water from the upwelling region facilitate the salinity stratification that is necessary to develop the observed BL in the CSWAS. In the SEAS, during winter, the winter monsoon current (WMC) carries less saline water over relatively high salinity ambient water to form the observed BL there. The winter West India Coastal Current (WICC) transports the low-salinity water from the SEAS to the NEAS, where it lies over the subducted ASHSW leading to strong haline stratification. Ekman pumping together with the downwelling Kelvin wave in the NEAS deepen the thermocline to cause the observed thick BL in the NEAS.

The Decisive Role of Microdispersion Formation in Improved Oil Recovery by Low-Salinity-Water Injection in Sandstone Formations

SPE Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (06) ◽  
pp. 2859-2873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedram Mahzari ◽  
Mehran Sohrabi ◽  
Juliana M. Façanha
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Quartz Substrate ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Improved Oil Recovery ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Low Salinity Water ◽  
Salinity Water ◽  
Low Salinity Water Injection

Summary Efficiency of low–salinity–water injection primarily depends on oil/brine/rock interactions. Microdispersion formation (as the dominant interfacial interaction between oil and low–salinity water) is one of the mechanisms proposed for the reported additional oil recovery by low–salinity–water injection. Using similar rock and brines, here in this work, different crude–oil samples were selected to examine the relationship between crude–oil potency to form microdispersions and improved oil recovery (IOR) by low–salinity–water injection in sandstone cores. First, the potential of the crude–oil samples to form microdispersions was measured; next, coreflood tests were performed to evaluate the performance of low–salinity–water injection in tertiary mode. Sandstone core plugs taken from a whole reservoir core were used for the experiments. The tests started with spontaneous imbibition followed by forced imbibition of high–salinity brine. Low–salinity brine was then injected in tertiary mode. The oil–recovery profiles and compositions of the produced brine were measured to investigate the IOR benefits as well as the geochemical interactions. The results demonstrate that the ratio of the microdispersion quantity to bond water is the main factor controlling the effectiveness of low–salinity–water injection. In general, a monotonic trend was observed between incremental oil recovery and the microdispersion ratio of the different crude–oil samples. In addition, it can be inferred from the results that geochemical interactions (pH and ionic interactions) would be mainly controlled by the rock's initial wettability, and also that these processes could not affect the additional oil recovery by low-salinity-water injection. To further verify the observations of geochemical interactions, a novel experiment was designed and performed on a quartz substrate to investigate the ionic interactions on the film of water between an oil droplet and a flat quartz substrate, when the high–salinity brine was replaced with the low–salinity brine. The results of the flat–substrate test indicated that the water film beneath the oil could not interact with the surrounding brine, which is in line with the results of the core tests.

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