Pan-European freshwater resources in a changing environment: how will the Black Sea region develop?

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Flörke ◽  
I. Bärlund ◽  
C. Schneider ◽  
E. Kynast
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Water Model ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Freshwater Resources ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Water Withdrawals

Climate change and socio-economic driving forces will affect Europe's future freshwater resources. A large-scale water model is used to analyse these effects and to identify ‘hot spots’ of water stress in the Black Sea region, as an example of an area where future water demand is expected to exceed the available water resources. Two scenarios are analysed, describing different developments of water withdrawals. Depending on the scenario, water stress increases or decreases due to changing water withdrawals which are identified as the principal cause of additional water stress in the future. According to the ‘economic-oriented’ pathway, water withdrawals are expected to increase by 58%. In Turkey and Bulgaria where water is already scarce, a further decrease in water availability will exacerbate the situation. By contrast, the ‘quality of life oriented’ scenario, assuming raised awareness to save water, results in a reduction of water withdrawals by approximately 59%. The situation of decreasing availability and increasing demand leads to growing competition between users and may finally end in cross-sectoral conflicts. This type of modelling study helps to prepare and foresee which kind of management options (in which sectors especially, and where) would be required to reduce ecological, economic and social consequences.

scholarly journals REGIONAL COOPERATION ON THE BLACK SEA: ACHIEVEMENTS, PROBLEMS, PROSPECTS

2013 ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
E. D. Eshba
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Transportation Routes

Throughout the history The Black Sea region attracted attention of both regional states and those lying far beyond its borders . One of the main reasons for increased attention to the Black Sea coast is its transit location : it is crossed by transport routes connecting the West with the states of Central Asia and Transcaucasia that are rich by hydrocarbon resources . A large-scale and fairly ambitious gas pipeline projects that are scheduled to take place on the territory of the Black Sea countries and across the Black Sea lead us to expect the increasing role of the Black Sea region in the world economic system. In this regard, the author brings to light the problem of the main stages of the development of cooperation among the Black Sea countries be means of analysis of the most successful attempts at regional cooperation. Special attention is paid to the policy of Turkey in the Black Sea and on the interactions of two major regional actors (Russia and Turkey) . In addition, the work highlights the most promising areas of transport, logistics , trade and economic development of the region , including the project of ring highway around the Black Sea, as well as prospects for the intensification of maritime transport and the development of new marine transportation routes. To summarize, the author concludes that , despite the development of cooperation in the region , there are problems in the formation of a comprehensive system of regional security and cooperation, so as major obstacles to the successful implementation of the plan of cooperation in the Black Sea region still remain .

Legal and Economic Consequences of Russia's Expansionary Policy

2022 ◽  
pp. 243-256
Author(s):  
Giga Abuseridze ◽  
Janis Grasis
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Military Interventions ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation

In the recent history of the world, especially in the last two decades, large-scale military actions by Russia and Russian intervention have attracted wide international attention. Russia's increasingly confrontational stance has been manifested in military interventions in Georgia (2008) and in Ukraine (2014). The occupation/annexation of the territories of Georgia and Ukraine by the Russian Federation is a gross violation of the principle of sovereignty and territorial integrity of a country, as well as of the norms and principles of international law, that have significantly changed the international order established between the states and called into question the security of the Black Sea region and Europe as a whole. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a legal analysis of Russia's aggressive policy and the economic consequences of Ukraine and Georgia as aggrieved parties.

scholarly journals Black Sea Region Security, Cyber Warfare, and New Technologies

2020 ◽  
Vol 2(15)/2020 (2(15)/2020) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Thornike Zelelashvili
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Cyber Warfare ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
New Research

In the wake of technological advances, cyber-attacks are becoming more dangerous, becoming a part of everyday life and an element of all conventional warfare. For Black Sea countries as well as the rest of the world, security is paramount. In discussing the issue, we must analyse the opportunities that the countries of the Black Sea basin have, first of all, the threats posed by Russia. This unpredictable state is carrying out the occupation of territories, military aggression, and large-scale cyber-attacks in this region, which is not a guarantee of peace and security. Russia is trying to influence almost the whole world and especially the Black Sea region – Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Georgia with large-scale cyber-hacking attacks and continuous disinformation fake news. Against the background of cyberattacks and misinformation propaganda, it is difficult to determine what kind of safe environment can be created in this region. This requires new research, recommendations, scientific papers, defence strategies. Cooperation with the EU and NATO needs to be strengthened. Following the Warsaw Summit, the Euro-Atlantic Alliance enacted Article 5 of the Washington Treaty, that is, the principle of ‘collective defence’ in terms of cyber warfare, cyber-attacks, and cyberterrorism. The topic discusses the cybersecurity issues and defence mechanisms of the countries of the Black Sea region, as well as the ongoing processes in the field of cybersecurity in this region. The paper discusses the threats and risks posed by Russia in the field of cybersecurity, as well as its impact on world politics.

scholarly journals Intense Cyclones in the Black Sea Region: Change, Variability, Predictability and Manifestations in the Storm Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4468
Author(s):  
Veronika N. Maslova ◽  
Elena N. Voskresenskaya ◽  
Andrey S. Lubkov ◽  
Aleksandr V. Yurovsky ◽  
Viktor Y. Zhuravskiy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Spline Interpolation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Cyclonic Activity ◽  
Seasonal Forecasts ◽  
Storm Activity ◽  
Black Sea Region

Cyclonic activity in the midlatitudes is a form of general atmospheric circulation, and the most intense cyclones are the cause of hydrometeorological anomalies that lead to economic damage, casualties and human losses. This paper examines the features of variability of intense cyclonic activity in the Black Sea region and the examples of their regional manifestations in the storm types. Based on 6-hourly NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data on 1000 hPa geopotential height fields with 2° × 2° spatial resolution and using the methodology by M.Yu. Bardin, objective data were obtained for the identification and estimation of the frequency of deep cyclones (reaching 0.75 and 0.95 quantiles by intensity and depth—intense and extreme cyclones, respectively) for the Black Sea region during the period 1951–2017. Additionally, a specific methodology of more precise cyclone identification based on spherical spline interpolation was successfully applied, and then the two methodologies were compared. The key point of the study is the following: In the background of negative significant linear trends and interdecadal variability (period of about 35 years), typical scales of their interannual variability on the periods of about 2.5–3.5 and 6–8 years were identified. These periods coincide with the time scales of the North Atlantic Oscillation and El Nino–Southern Oscillation, providing an outlook for further study of the patterns of their connection. Besides, seasonal forecasts of frequency of intense cyclones in the Black Sea region were successfully modeled using an artificial neural network technique. Finally, the case studies of regional manifestations of deep cyclones in the types of storms in the northern Black Sea coast revealed substantial differences in the location of deep centers of cyclones and storm tracks associated with the large-scale pressure fields.

scholarly journals Tectonolinament framework of the Black Sea region and the surrounding areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-44
Author(s):  
Vladimir Pokalyuk ◽  
Igor Lomakin ◽  
Valentyn Verkhovtsev ◽  
Vladimir Kochelab
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Mobile Belt ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Lateral Displacements ◽  
Surrounding Areas

Modern high-precision global digital 3-d models of the relief of the continents and the ocean floor (SRTM, GEBCO) are the objective basis to clarify the structure and features of the organization of the planetary fault network of of the Black Sea region and adjacent areas of the Mediterranean mobile belt and surrounding platform areas, to find out the location of the main transregional supermegalineaments forming the deep structural-tectonic framework of the territory. A complete consistency of the structural plan of faults and fault zones within the sea areas and continental surroundings is established. The structural position of the Black Sea basin as a whole is determined by its location at the intersection area (superposition, interference) of the diagonal (subdiagonal) transcontinental tectonolinament belts: the north-west – Elba-Zagros, Caucasus-Kopetdag, and the north-east – Atlas- Black Sea. The absence of large-scale lateral displacements at the intersection nodes of differently oriented supermegalineament systems indicates the relative autonomous stationarity and inheritance of the formation of the lyneament framework during the entire Mezozoic-Cenozoic and relatively low-shear nature of its implementation. This feature of the Black Sea region structural pattern significantly limits the possibility of using neomobilistic geodynamic models to explain the history of the geological development of the region. The strict consistency and orderliness of the lineament framework can be ensured only by global planetary factors associated with the influence of the rotational regime of the Earth's shells on the stress distribution in the lithosphere.

scholarly journals IMPROVEMENT OF INFORMATION SUPPORT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOTEL ENTERPRISE IN THE BLACK SEA REGION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Biriukova
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
Information Support ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Research Information ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Technology Platform

The article presents theoretical provisions for improving information support for the development of hotel business in the Black Sea region. The research is based on the following methods: analysis we need to clarify the content of the category «information technology platform»; synthesis and generalization we need to formation of the two sectors of the proposed information technology platform to support and develop the hotel business; system approach we need to solve the problem of creation the information technology platform for support and development of the hotel business; schematic and graphic images for the visual display of the results of research (information technology platform for support and development of the hotel business). The concept of the information technology platform provides for the possibility of involving various entities in the development of the hotel business: persons who act as guests; business entities of the hotel industry, persons (both legal and natural) who invest in the development of hotel enterprises; government institutions of various levels for cooperation and support of investment projects. To organize this interaction, it is advisable to use virtual space and automation of information processes. The components of the proposed information technology platform for the support and development of the hotel business should be considered in the context of two large-scale sectors: the sector, which provides a combination of open information space for all market actors in the tourism sector and the second sector, which is the subjects of hotel services (management of hotel enterprises). The proposed platform acts as a unique integrated technology that combines elements of promotion, training, consulting, promoting and stimulating the infrastructure of the hotel industry, the implementation of priority areas of social and economic development. Implementation of information technology platform for support and development of hotel business in the Black Sea region can be a tool that will solve a number of important tasks for hotels: to form their own image of hotels, support the brand, increase customer loyalty, to optimize the processes of information and communication, to form an information business space for the promotion of new projects.

Obsidian Exchange Networks in Prehistoric Anatolia: New Data from the Black Sea Region

Paléorient ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-182
Author(s):  
Bleda S. Düring ◽  
Bernard Gratuze
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Exchange Networks ◽  
Black Sea Region

The referendum as an institution in the Black Sea Region: Does it signal the rise or collapse of democracy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-185
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Podolak
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Democratic Systems ◽  
Important State ◽  
Constitutional Changes

Views on the institution of direct democracy have changed during the period of democratic transition. The various advantages and positive effects of direct democracy have been confirmed by the practice of some democratic countries. Its educational and political activation value for society was also noted, without which civil society cannot form. The referendum is especially treated as the purest form of correlation between the views of society and the decisions of its representatives. In a situation where two representative bodies are present – the parliament and the president – a referendum is considered a means of resolving disputes between them in important state affairs. The referendum is nowadays becoming more than just a binding or consultative opinion on a legislative act, especially a constitution. First and foremost, it is important to see the extension of the type and scope of issues that are subject to direct voting. Apart from the traditional, i.e., constitutional changes, polarising issues that raise considerable emotion have become the subject of referenda. Problems of this type include, in particular, moral issues, membership in international organisations, and so-called ‘New Policy’. This article presents the role and importance of the referendum as an institution shaping the democratic systems of the Black Sea Region.

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