The effects of filtration temperature and alum dosing on Cryptosporidium sized particle breakthrough

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-200
Author(s):  
G.R. Xu ◽  
C.S.B. Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Filtration Flow ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Ζ Potential ◽  
Filtration Flow Rate ◽  
Floc Strength ◽  
The Relationship

Understanding the causes of breakthrough in filtration is essential worldwide. Breakthrough links many factors, such as filtration flow rate and flow rate changes, temperature, chemical dosing, raw water quality, etc. These factors can affect floc strength, which has been recognized as one of the most important factors in filter efficiency and particle breakthrough, related to Cryptosporidium outbreaks. This research aims to investigate particle breakthrough related to temperature and chemical dosing. Experiments were conducted to establish the relationship between temperature and chemical dosing changes to floc strength and particle breakthrough. The temperature was set at a series range as 5 °C, 15 °C and 25 °C. Each was combined with a series of Al dose changes. A laser particle counter was installed to assess the particle breakthrough online. ζ potential and turbidity were measured before (after coagulation) and after filtration. The results show particle breakthrough is influenced significantly by temperature and dosing. Particle breakthrough increased rapidly at lower temperatures but at higher temperatures it reduced at the same coagulant dose. With coagulants, even at low doses, particle breakthrough reduced significantly. There is an optimal dose in filtration; the optimal dose gives a ζ potential equal to about zero.

Predicting cake filtration using specific filtration flow rate

1996 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1151-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Sorensen ◽  
Mikkel L. Agerbaek ◽  
Birgitte L. Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Filtration Flow ◽  
Cake Filtration ◽  
Filtration Flow Rate

The influence of supply and sewerage area characteristics on water and sewerage companies responses to the Water Framework Directive

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1811-1819 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Spiller ◽  
B. S. McIntosh ◽  
R. A. F. Seaton
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Framework Directive ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Business Function ◽  
Raw Water Quality ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
The Relationship

Using the example of raw water quality this paper examines the relationship between different spatial characteristics (geographical and physical properties) of Water and Sewerage Companies (WaSCs) supply and sewage areas and response to the Water Framework Directive. Results were obtained from thematic analysis and content analysis of 14 interviews with WaSCs representatives. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis of 51 WaSCs business function characteristics was employed to derive groups of similar WaSCs. Results indicate that there is difference in how WaSCs approach raw water quality issues. It appears that small WaSCs with relatively large agricultural areas in their supply catchments are more likely to seek managerial solutions to raw water quality problems.

Full Scale Optimization of Flocs Blanket Process Applied in Ferric Flocs Sludge Treatment

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 2100-2103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Zhang ◽  
Li Qing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Sludge Treatment ◽  
Scale Optimization ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sludge Concentration

The flocs blanket process is a traditional technology for high concentration suspensions removal. In this paper, by thickening ferric flocs sludge, the flocs blanket process was optimized with a scale of 19~38 m3/H to achieve more satisfied operational condition. Under the raw sludge concentration of 100~1200 mg/L, an increase in polymer dosage would improve outlet turbidity, the moderate mechanical agitating strength of 3 rpm could achieve best operational results. The experimental results also revealed an approximately linear relationship between raw water concentration and optimum PAM dosage, that is, the optimum dosage of PAM increased synchronously with the increasing raw sludge concentration. While the relationship between raw sludge concentration and maximum up-flow rate reflected negatively linear dependence, the maximum up-flow rate would decrease linearly with the increasing raw sludge concentration. The experimental results proved that the flocs blanket process could be applied to thicken the ferric flocs sludge as a highly efficient technology.

Sexual size dimorphism, sex ratio and the relationship between seasonality and water quality in four species of Gordiida (Nematomorpha) from Catamarca, Argentina

2010 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Salas ◽  
C. De Villalobos ◽  
F. Zanca
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractA total of 687 adult nematomorphs of four species of Gordiida:Chordodes brasiliensis(393 specimens),Noteochorododes cymatium(47 specimens),N. talensis(162 specimens) andPseudochordodes dugesi(85 specimens) were collected during a period of 1 year from El Simbolar stream, Argentina. Free-living worms were abundant during autumn and spring, but their number decreased during winter and summer. Males were shorter and significantly more abundant than females. The presence ofN. cymatium,N. talensisandP. dugesiwas correlated with water temperature and these species were most abundant in winter and spring. The presence ofC. brasiliensiswas correlated with flow rate and pH; this species was more abundant in autumn and winter. These four species are sympatric.

Estimation of Internal Filtration Flow Rate in a Dialyzer by a Doppler Ultrasonography

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-98
Author(s):  
M. Mineshima ◽  
Y. Sato ◽  
I.i.t Akiba ◽  
T. Sunohara ◽  
T. Masuda
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Doppler Ultrasonography ◽  
Filtration Flow ◽  
Filtration Flow Rate

Влияние экологического состояния водоисточника на режим работы водопроводных очистных сооружений

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bykova ◽  
I. Egorova ◽  
A. Strelkov ◽  
L. Talovyria ◽  
O. Nesterenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Water Quality Control ◽  
Water Abstraction ◽  
The City

При изучении качества воды источника водоснабжения г. Самары Саратовского водохранилища особое внимание было уделено основным показателям, влияющим на выбор реагентной обработки: мутность, перманганатная окисляемость и цветность. Сезонные изменения качества воды водохранилища требуют постоянной корректировки дозы реагентов с целью достижения нормативных требований к качеству очищенной воды. Приводятся результаты производственных исследований изменения качества воды Саратовского водохранилища в створе водозаборов г. Самары за 20172019 годы по мутности, перманганатной окисляемости и цветности. В связи с аномальными температурными перепадами и наступлением осеннего паводка (конец декабря 2019 г. и январь 2020 г.) резко изменилось качество воды водохранилища по цветности и перманганатной окисляемости. Отмечено, что увеличение указанных показателей потребовало повышения дозы реагентов при очистке исходной воды. Оптимальная доза реагентов постоянно коректируется в зависимости от состава исходной воды на флокуляторе Lovibond ЕТ-750 . Регулярное проведение пробного коагулирования позволило поддерживать качество очищенной воды в соответствии с нормативными требованиями СанПиН 2.1.4.1074-01 Питьевая вода. Контроль качества , кроме цветности и железа общего, так как превышение этих показателей наблюдалось в пределах погрешности методов измерения.While studying the water quality of the water source of the city of Samara the Saratov water reservoir, special attention was paid to the main indicators that influence the choice of chemical treatment: turbidity, permanganate index and color. Seasonal changes in the water quality of the water reservoir require constant adjustment of the chemical dose in order to meet the regulatory requirements to the quality of treated water. The results of the studies of changes in the water quality of the Saratov reservoir at the water abstraction points of the city of Samara for 20172019 by turbidity, permanganate index and color are presented. Due to the abnormal temperature differences and onset of autumn flood (end of December 2019 and January 2020), the water quality in the water reservoir dramatically changed in color and permanganate index. It was noted that an increase in these indicators required an increase in the dose of chemicals during the source water purification. The optimal dose of chemicals is selected with Lovibond ET-750 flocculator depending on the composition of the source water. Regular test coagulation allowed maintaining the quality of purified water in accordance with the regulatory requirements of SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 Drinking water. Quality control , except for color and total iron since the values of these indicators were increased within the measurement accuracy.

Leading the City of Baltimore into the 21st Century: Flexible Treatment Solutions and Integrated Raw Water Management

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Manuszak ◽  
M. MacPhee ◽  
S. Liskovich ◽  
L. Feldsher
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
The City

The City of Baltimore, Maryland is one of many US cities faced with challenges related to increasing potable water demands, diminishing fresh water supplies, and aging infrastructure. To address these challenges, the City recently undertook a $7M study to evaluate water supply and treatment alternatives and develop the conceptual design for a new 120 million gallon per day (MGD) water treatment plant. As part of this study, an innovative raw water management tool was constructed to help model source water availability and predicted water quality based on integration of a new and more challenging surface water supply. A rigorous decision-making approach was then used to screen and select appropriate treatment processes. Short-listed treatment strategies were demonstrated through a year-long pilot study, and process design criteria were collected in order to assess capital and operational costs for the full-scale plant. Ultimately the City chose a treatment scheme that includes low-pressure membrane filtration and post-filter GAC adsorption, allowing for consistent finished water quality irrespective of which raw water supply is being used. The conceptual design includes several progressive concepts, which will: 1) alleviate treatment limitations at the City's existing plants by providing additional pre-clarification facilities at the new plant; and 2) take advantage of site conditions to design and operate the submerged membrane system by gravity-induced siphon, saving the City significant capital and operations and maintenance (O&M) costs. Once completed, the new Fullerton Water Filtration Plant (WFP) will be the largest low-pressure membrane plant in North America, and the largest gravity-siphon design in the world.

Optimisation of coagulation and chlorination in drinking water treatment: laboratory and full-scale studies

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-137
Author(s):  
N.D. Basson ◽  
C.F. Schutte
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Treatment Costs ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Activated Carbon Adsorption ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Quality Optimisation

The paper deals with laboratory and full-scale studies aimed at optimising treatment processes at the Balkfontein plant of Sedibeng Water in South Africa. The raw water is highly eutrophic and contains a large fraction of treated effluent from domestic and industrial sources as well as agricultural runoff. The eutrophic nature and changing raw water quality give rise to many operational difficulties and high treatment costs as well as problems with the final water quality. Optimisation of the coagulation and chlorination processes was seen as a cheaper solution to these problems than to install advanced processes such as ozonation and activated carbon adsorption that would add greatly to treatment costs. The laboratory studies indicated that through optimisation of coagulation-flocculation and by replacement of pre-chlorination by intermediate chlorination (after primary sedimentation) most of the treatment problems could be solved and final water of the required quality produced without a large increase in treatment costs.

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