Operation of dual drinking and non-potable water networks in Paris: advantages and constraints

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-200
Author(s):  
B. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Public Gardens ◽  
Urban Concentration ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The City ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Main Consumer ◽  
Means Of Production

Paris is one of the very few cities in the world equipped with a dual network system: the drinking water network is duplicated by a totally independent non-potable water network which possesses its own means of production, storage and distribution pipes. In this second network there circulates untreated water characterized by pressure lower than that observed in the drinking water network. The fact that the constraints governing non-potable water are less than for drinking water is reflected in lower margins in relation to comparative production and storage capacity. Non-potable water in Paris has existed for two centuries; it is very inexpensive and its use in large quantities forms part of the landscape to which Parisians are accustomed. 98% of non-potable water consumption are restricted to the uses of water linked to urban concentration for the comfort or safety of town dwellers: hydrants, fountains, street cleaning, watering of public gardens, flushing of the sewers etc. Therefore, the main consumer being the city of Paris, the operation of the non-potable water network differs in many ways from that applied to the drinking water network. The economic context, the technical implications and the ecological repercussions of the use of non-potable water provide an alternative solution to the exclusive use of drinking water which seems to be efficient and attractive. This exceptional situation does not only offer advantages especially when one analyses the consequences for the network of waste water or the cost of maintaining a dual pipe network.

scholarly journals Evaluation the water quality of the potable water network in Al-Shuala/ Baghdad City

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (28) ◽  
pp. 116-124
Author(s):  
Zainab Bahaa Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Conductivity Water ◽  
Total Dissolved Solid

In this research, the water quality of the potable water network inAl-Shuala Baghdad city were evaluated and compare them with theIraqi standards (IQS) for drinking water and World HealthOrganization standards (WHO), then water quality index (WQI) werecalculator: pH, heavy metals (lead, cadmium and iron), chlorides,total hardness, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solid andelectrical conductivity. Water samples are collected weekly duringthe period from February 2015 to April 2015 from ten sites. Resultsshow that the chlorides, total dissolved solid and electricalconductivity less than acceptable limit of standards, but totalhardness and heavy metals in some samples higher than acceptablelimit of standards while the other parameter is good.WQI shows thatresults is excellent and good for drinking for all location and monthsexcept site (2) gave higher value (65.184) in March and site (9) gavehigh value (57.78, 57.23) at March and April indicate that sites ispoor for drinking water.

scholarly journals Rapid evaluation of water supply project feasibility in Kolkata, India

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-105
Author(s):  
K. Dutta Roy ◽  
B. Thakur ◽  
T. S. Konar ◽  
S. N. Chakrabarty
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
External Funding ◽  
Time Value Of Money ◽  
Relevant Field ◽  
Tariff Structure ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The City ◽  
Value Of Money

Abstract. Mega cities in developing countries are mostly dependent on external funding for improving the civic infrastructures like water supply. International and sometimes national agencies stipulate financial justifications for infrastructure funding. Expansion of drinking water network with external funding therefore requires explicit economic estimates. A methodology suitable for local condition has been developed in this study. Relevant field data were collected for estimating the cost of supply. The artificial neural network technique has been used for cost estimate. The willingness to pay survey has been used for estimating the benefits. Cost and benefit have been compared with consideration of time value of money. The risk and uncertainty have been investigated by Monte Carlo's simulation and sensitivity analysis. The results in this case indicated that consumers were willing to pay for supply of drinking water. It has been also found that supply up to 20 km from the treatment plant is economical after which new plants should be considered. The study would help to plan for economically optimal improvement of water supply. It could be also used for estimating the water tariff structure for the city.

scholarly journals Rapid evaluation of water supply project feasibility in Kolkata, India

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Dutta Roy ◽  
B. Thakur ◽  
T. S. Konar ◽  
S. N. Chakrabarty
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
External Funding ◽  
Time Value Of Money ◽  
Relevant Field ◽  
Tariff Structure ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The City ◽  
Value Of Money

Abstract. Mega cities in developing countries are mostly dependent on external funding for improving the civic infrastructures like water supply. International and sometimes national agencies stipulate financial justifications for infrastructure funding. Expansion of drinking water network with external funding therefore requires explicit economic estimates. A methodology suitable for local condition has been developed in this study. Relevant field data were collected for estimating the cost of supply. The artificial neural network technique has been used for cost estimate. The willingness to pay survey has been used for estimating the benefits. Cost and benefit have been compared with consideration of time value of money. The risk and uncertainty have been investigated by Monte Carlo's simulation and sensitivity analysis. The results in this case indicated that consumers were willing to pay for supply of drinking water. It has been also found that supply up to 20 km from the treatment plant is economical after which new plants should be considered. The study would help to plan for economically optimal improvement of water supply. It could be also used for estimating the water tariff structure for the city.

A Federative Approach of Decision-Making Aid in Urban Development

2011 ◽  
pp. 368-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kouamou ◽  
C. Pettang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Urban Planning And Development ◽  
Land Question ◽  
The City

The interest in urban planning and development is a major preoccupation in the two last decades. In fact, the urban development is the act of improving living conditions, which are necessary for rest and for labour, for the health and education facilities, for the various exchanges and provisioning, for the moving of the population between their dwellings and their working place. However, the cities of the developing countries know serious problems of urbanization due not only with the non application of the urban guide (SDAU) when it exists, but also with the inadequacy of the policies of management of the city needed by the populations. That is why the proliferation of unstructured quarters around the cities, without the urban services necessary for their operation like drinking water network, electricity, and roadway system. Facing these failures, the urban development is not any more the only fact of the municipal authorities. The populations through associations and the non governmental organisations are more implied, these activities are carried out under the impulse of the multilateral backers that support and finance the actions of the different actors. In order to propose new approaches of the urban development, we started by defining a characterization of the city for better apprehending its morphology and its operation (Pettang, Kouamou, & Mbumbia, 1997). This characterization permits to deal with the land question, since the soil is the beginning of any installation (Pettang & Kouamou, 1999).

scholarly journals Gray Water Measurement and Feasibility of Retrieval Using Innovative Technology and Application in Water Resources Management in Isfahan-Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Safieh Javadinejad ◽  
Rebwar Dara ◽  
Forough Jafary
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Gray Water ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Water Measurement ◽  
The City ◽  
Yearly Precipitation

Reuse of wastewater for agriculture and green spaces purposes is significant. A mean yearly precipitation in Esfahan is 150 mm. The drinking waterand agriculture usually used underground resources in the city. Gray waterrecycling is known as a suitable option today. Delivering all the water requirements of a home from refined water rises the cost of water. Whereasthe essential water quality for garden, toilet and irrigation is less than drinking water. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the evaluation of gray water and estimate the amount of recycle gray water which can use for drinking water with innovation method in Esfahan region in Iran. Previous studies did not measure the value of recycling gray water with new methodof waste water treatment that can use for drinking purpose. In this study,gray water in Esfahan city is measured and technical aspects of its recyclingis examined. Because of the lack of referable guidelines and official technical reports, studies from other similar countries applied in this study andon the basis of which the amount of recoverable gray water was calculated.Evaluations indicates that the overall recovery of gray water in Esfahansaves nine million cubic meters of water. The price of the rial of this valueestablished on water is 190 billion Rials. Given the lack of water sourcesin Esfahan, the recycle of gray water seems to be a good option, howevermore research is required to select a recovery strategy.

Applying cast iron pipes aging prediction methodology to the Mendoza, Argentina drinking water network

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E. Besson-Taboada
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Great Proportion ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Water Network ◽  
The City

The drinking water network in the city of Mendoza, Argentina, is, for a great proportion of pipes, more than 40 years old. The network is confronted with a significant number of repairs and leakage is very important. The operator uses a methodology issued from experience in France, which consists of sampling representative lengths of pipes and analysing them for corrosion. Environmental influences are also taken into account for the calculation of corrosion speed. The objective is to obtain a program of replacement based upon the estimation of the remaining lifespan of each pipe in the network.

Potable water and sanitation in Tenochtitlan: Aztec culture

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Becerril ◽  
B. Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Clean Drinking Water ◽  
Thames River ◽  
The City

A source of clean drinking water is essential, and the Aztecs were quite advanced in providing it. While London still drew its drinking water from the polluted Thames River as late as 1854, the Aztecs brought potable water to Tenochtitlán from springs on the mainland by means of the aqueduct built by Nezahualcoyotl between 1466 and 1478. A second aqueduct was constructed in 1,499–1,500 by the ruler Ahuizotl when the first aqueduct became inadequate. Although the Aztecs had no citywide drainage system, and much of the wastewater ended up in the lake surrounding the city, they had a system to handle human waste by means of privies in all public places and many private dwellings from which excrement was collected in canoes. The excrement was applied as fertilizer to chinampas (floating parcels of land) or sold in the market to be used for tanning animal hides. Urine was collected in pottery vessels to be used later as a mordant for dyeing cloth. The Tenochtitlán environment was obviously healthy for its time, especially in comparison to European cities. Public and personal hygiene contributed to minimize the incidence and severity of illnesses.

Multi-criteria decision support for annual rehabilitation programmes in drinking water networks

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Baur ◽  
P. Le Gauffre ◽  
S. Sægrov
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
System Reliability ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

The selection of projects in the annual rehabilitation plan of a drinking water network requires the consideration of different aspects of existing deficiencies and expected improvements in the water supply system. With a field study of 12 water utilities in Europe, the objectives of drinking water network rehabilitation are identified. These objectives are assigned to a number of “points of view” that can be divided in two types: internal and external points of view. Internal points of view mainly affect the cost and the monetary benefits of rehabilitation measures for the utility. External benefits of rehabilitation result from a better hydraulic performance of the system, from improved system reliability or reduction of risks and therefore, they contribute to customer and third party satisfaction. Nine points of view are rendered more precisely by 17 criteria. The criteria are expressed by detailed cost functions, quantification of current deficiencies, assessment of risks or assessment of the pipe’s potential contribution to zonal problems. Examples are given of criteria definitions and their calculation for using them in procedures of aiding decisions. This paper is a report on ongoing work in the CARE-W European project.

Evaluation of Ground Water Quality For AL Shuwayja area –Wasit Provence Using GIS Technique

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ali Nasser Hilo
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Ground Water Quality ◽  
Water Index ◽  
The City

The low level of water in rivers in Iraq leads to poor water quality, on that basis; we need to assess Iraq's water resources for uses of irrigation and drinking water. This study present a model accounts for ground water quality by using a water quality index (WQI) for the region defined between the city of Kut and the city of Badra in Wasit province. this study relies on a system of wells set up along the path through the Badra –Kut  and around it  up to 78 wells. The study showed poor quality of ground water in the region of study and it is unsuitability for irrigation and drinking water, as well as provided a solution to the water accumulated in the Shuwayja to reduce the bad effect on groundwater by using a system of branch and collection canals  then pumping at the effluent  of Al  Shuwayja in seasons of rainy season ..Water quality index calculated depend on the basis of various physic-chemical parameters as PH, Ec , TDS, TSS, Nacl , SO4 ,Na , and  Mg. The resultant and analytical are present with use of Arch GIS program – geostastical analysis for the water index and water quality parameters

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