Enhanced removal of herbicides by different in-site barrier-systems (GAC, FAC, anthracite, lignite coke) in slow sand filtration

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-128
Author(s):  
C. Donner ◽  
F. Remmler ◽  
N. Zullei-Seibert ◽  
U. Schöttler ◽  
P. Grathwohl
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Artificial Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Slow Sand Filtration ◽  
Pesticide Removal ◽  
Slow Sand Filter ◽  
Filter Operation

Improvement of artificial groundwater recharge via slow sand filtration combined with different in-site barrier-layers (activated carbons, anthracite, lignite coke) was tested. The micropollutant control of the systems achieve significant different pesticides reductions. Operation time depends on the micropore structure and site properties of the activated carbons (Sorption reactor) and reaches a calculated slow sand filter operation time of nearly 6 years (GAC). No distinct improvement of pesticide removal was observed by anthracite (biological reactor). Lignite coke was not used in pilot plant, because of its high pH-value during first 100 bed volumes.

Removal of bisphenols by slow sand filtration

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Katayama-Hirayama ◽  
S. Arai ◽  
T. Kobayashi ◽  
H. Matsuda ◽  
Z. Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Molecular Orbital Calculation ◽  
Photocatalytic Reaction ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Slow Sand Filtration ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Slow Sand Filter ◽  
High Removal Rate

A compensating effect in the reduction of bisphenols (BPs) has been shown using biodegradation in slow sand filtration and advanced photocatalysis. We tried to remove 8 kinds of BP by slow sand filtration. Removal rates of BPA, BPB, BPE, BPF, BPS, thiobisphenol (TBP), and dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB) indicated a high removal rate up to more than 90% at an initial concentration of 100 μg/L, whereas the removal rate of BPP was only 30%. We also examined removal of BPs by Pt-loaded porous photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Removal rates of BPA, BPB, BPE, BPF, BPP, and TBP showed high removal rates up to more than 90% at an initial concentration of 10 mg/L. Removal of BPS and DHB was relatively low at 20% and 30%, respectively. Removal of BPP was low in slow sand filtration, but Pt-loaded photocatalyst removed BPP effectively. Removal of BPS was low with Pt-loaded photocatalyst, but slow sand filtration removed BPS effectively. The combination of a slow sand filter and Pt-loaded photocatalyst may be helpful to degrade BPs. The magnitude of decomposition of BPs by photocatalytic reaction may be related to electrophilic frontier density. But the degradability of BPs in slow sand filtration is not the same as that in photocatalytic reaction with Pt-loaded titanium dioxide. The biodegradability of BPs by slow sand filtration cannot be explained by molecular orbital calculation.

Elimination of terpenoid odorous compounds by slow sand and river bank filtration of the Ruhr River, Germany

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Jüttner
Keyword(s):  
Bank Filtration ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Slow Sand Filtration ◽  
River Bank ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds ◽  
Slow Sand Filter ◽  
Odorous Compounds ◽  
Aliphatic And Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
River Bank Filtration

The elimination of odorous compounds by river bank and slow sand filtration was studied at the Ruhr River in Germany. The aquifer of the river bank filtration was anoxic and exhibited intense dissimilatory nitrate reduction; the aquifer of the slow sand filter was oxic. Polar monoterpenes, such as linalool, menthol, isobornyl acetate, lipoxygenase products (oct-1-en-3-ol) and geosmin exhibited a much higher percentage elimination than monoterpene hydrocarbons and other lipophilic compounds (dimethyldisulphide, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons). The efficiency of river bank filtration was slightly better than that of slow sand filtration. The schmutzdecke and upper layers of the slow sand filters were responsible for most of the removal of VOC. The deeper layers exhibited only small effects.

Comparison of sand and membrane filtration as non-chemical pre-treatment strategies for pesticide removal with nanofiltration/low pressure reverse osmosis membranes

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 532-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof P. Kowalski ◽  
Henrik T. Madsen ◽  
Erik G. Søgaard
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Pesticide Removal ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Uf Membranes

Pilot plant investigations of sand and membrane filtration (microfiltration (MF)/ultrafiltration (UF)/nanofiltration (NF)/low pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO)) have been performed to treat groundwater polluted with pesticides. The results show that simple treatment, with use of aeration and sand filtration or MF/UF membranes, does not remove pesticides. However, by reducing the content of key foulants, the techniques can be used as a pre-treatment for nanofiltration and low pressure reverse osmosis that has proved to be capable of removing pesticides. It was found that a lower fouling potential could be obtained by using the membranes, but that sand filter was better at removing manganese and dissolved organic matter. The results indicate that combining aeration, sand filtration and membrane techniques might be a good option for pesticide removal without any addition of chemicals and minimized membrane maintenance.

Chemically enhanced gravel pre-filtration for slow sand filters: advantages and pitfalls

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-128
Author(s):  
C.C. Dorea ◽  
B.A. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Slow Sand Filtration ◽  
Chemical Enhancement ◽  
Dissolved Organics ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Slow Sand Filter ◽  
Pre Treatment

The chemical enhancement of gravel (or roughing) filtration with coagulants, i.e. direct (gravel) filtration, has been proposed as a pre-treatment alternative for slow sand filters. However, studies have frequently focused on the efficiencies of the pre-filters in terms of reduction percentages. The effectiveness of the pre-treatment on the subsequent slow sand filtration is not usually cited or even evaluated. By incorporating a pilot-scale slow sand filter in our trials, both aspects of the pre-treatment process were assessed: efficiency and effectiveness. In terms of turbidity reductions, our results demonstrated that chemically enhanced pre-filtration was substantially more efficient (93.2 to 99.5%) than conventional pre-filtration (50.6 to 79.3); this was also observed in terms of reductions in the level of other parameters (i.e. thermotolerant faecal coliforms and dissolved organics). Yet, the use of a coagulant can have a negative impact on the slow sand filtration run.

Removal of cyanobacteria by slow sand filtration for drinking water

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvano Porto Pereira ◽  
Fabiana de Cerqueira Martins ◽  
Lenora Nunes Ludolf Gomes ◽  
Manoel do Vale Sales ◽  
Valter Lúcio De Pádua
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Slow Sand Filtration ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Slow Sand Filter ◽  
The City

Potential problems arising from the presence of cyanobacteria in water intended for human consumption have been reported by several researchers. Regarding water treatment plants, intact cells of cyanobacteria should be removed to avoid the release of cyanotoxins due to cell lysis. Water treatment techniques with different degrees of complexity can be employed but, whenever possible, the method of easiest installation, operation and maintenance should be selected, especially for non-industrialized countries and rural communities. In this context, research was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of slow sand filtration to treat water from Gavião reservoir in the city of Pacatuba, Ceara, Brazil, which has exhibited phytoplankton density of approximately 105 cells/mL with a prevalence of cyanobacteria representing over 90% of total cells. The results have demonstrated that slow sand filtration can be used to achieve water purification that meets federal standards. However, it was established that filtration through beds of gravel (prefilter) before the slow sand filtration is essential. The removal of phytoplankton reached values of approximately 97% and the filter run duration was more than 70 days. Furthermore, the slow sand filter was very efficient in removing total coliforms, with removal of up to 99.98%.

scholarly journals Teknologi pengolahan air gambut menjadi air bersih dengan sistem koagulan dan filtrasi di Desa Buluh Cina, Kecamatan Siak Hulu, Kampar

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 325-332
Author(s):  
Juandi Juandi M ◽  
Usman Malik ◽  
Salomo Salomo ◽  
Antonius Surbakti
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Optimal Filtration ◽  
Slow Sand Filter ◽  
Service Activity ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Filtration Technology

The abundant peat water in Buluh Cina Village, Siak Hulu Subdistrict, Kampar is a natural potential that can be used for cooking and bathing purposes by processing peat water into clean water that is suitable for consumption. The purpose of this service activity is to treat peat water into clean water. The method used in this service activity is using coagulant and filtration technology. The optimal filtration and coagulant media used for peat water treatment consists of biosand filters with two media namely pumice and quartz sand. The dedication results reduce turbidity and color of peat water and reduce organic content, so that peat water is processed into clean drinking water. The lowest pH value before filtering is equal to 5.93 and the highest pH is found before filtering which is 6.23. This means that before filtering peat water is weak acidic. The lowest sample results after filtration with a slow sand filter that is equal to 6.42 and the highest pH after filtration of 7.5, which means that water is weakly basic. A good pH limit for water is 6.5 to 8.5 so this service proves that slow sand filters are considered effective enough to optimize water pH. Total dissolved solids (TDS) is one of the parameters for determining water quality, TDS shows the amount of solute solids in water. The result of peat water TDS is that the lowest TDS value before filtration is 46 mg / L and the highest TDS is found before filtering which is 49 mg/L. The lowest sample results after filtration with slow sand filter is 49 mg / L and the highest TDS after filtering is 83 mg/L.

Virus Removal by Slow Sand Filtration and Nanofiltration

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 445-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Yahya ◽  
C. B. Cluff ◽  
C. P. Gerba
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Slow Sand Filtration ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Reject Water ◽  
Log Reduction

Water utilities, especially smaller ones, are having increasing difficulties proving increased treatment requirements required in the United States for the removal of chemical and microbial contaminates in drinking water. This project sought to evaluate the virus removal potential of combined slow sand filtration and nanofiltration by a pilot plant for application to a small utility which uses a surface water supply. Nanofiltration is a relatively new water treatment technology which has become available since 1986. It is similar to reverse osmosis but has a higher molecular weight cut-off and is less costly to operate. The bacteriophages MS-2 (28 nm) and PRD-1 (65 nm) were seeded into surface water entering a pilot plant and samples collected after sand filtration, nanofiltration, and of the nanofilter reject water. These phages were selected for study because of their small size and poor adsorption to surfaces. The slow sand filter removed 99% of the MS-2 and 99.9% of the PRD-1. There was between a 4 to 6 log reduction of the phages by the nanofilters. PRD-1 was removed to a greater extent than MS-2 by both the sand filter and the nanofilters.

Inconsiderable Amount of Phytoplankton Leakage by Algal Mat Peeling from a Slow Sand Filter.

1997 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
NOBUTADA NAKAMOTO ◽  
NORIYASU IWASE ◽  
KENTARO NOZAKI ◽  
MASASHI SAKAI
Keyword(s):  
Sand Filter ◽  
Slow Sand Filter ◽  
Algal Mat

Treatment of Groundwater with Slow Sand Filtration

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Hatva
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Treatment Phase ◽  
Purification Process ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Slow Sand Filtration ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Iron Manganese

The purification process and techniques of the slow sand filtration method for treatment of groundwater was studied on the basis of pilot plant and full scale tests and studies of waterworks, to obtain guidelines for construction and maintenance. The purification process consists in general of two principal phases which are pre-treatment and slow sand filtration. Both are biological filters. The main purpose of the pre-treatment is to reduce the iron content of raw water, in order to slow down the clogging of the slow sand filters. Different types of biofilters have proved very effective in the pre-treatment phase, with reduction of total iron from 50 % to over 80 %. During the treatment, the oxidation reduction conditions gradually change becoming suitable for chemical and biological precipitation of iron, manganese and for oxidation of ammonium. Suitable environmental conditions are crucial in the oxidation of manganese and ammonium which, according to these studies, mainly occurs in slow sand filters, at the end of the process. Low water temperature in winter does not seem to prevent the biological activities connected with the removal of iron, manganese and ammonium, the chief properties necessitating treatment of groundwater in Finland.

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