Removal of natural organic matter (NOM) using different coagulants and lightweight expanded clay aggregate filters

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjørnar Eikebrokk ◽  
Torgeir Saltnes
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Iron Chloride ◽  
Clay Aggregates

Chitosan and lightweight expanded clay aggregates were investigated as alternatives to traditional metal coagulants and anthracite in pilot scale coagulation-filtration experiments for the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) from drinking water. The raw water tested covered a range of colour and organic carbon of 15–50 mg Pt/L and 2–5 mg NPOC, respectively. Aluminium sulphate, poly aluminium chlorides with different calcium content, iron chloride sulphate, and chitosan coagulants were tested. The dual media filter bed was built with 0.6 m of 0.8–1.6 mm lightweight expanded clay aggregates (Filtralite) above 0.35 m of 0.4–0.8 mm sand. A conventional anthracite-sand filter with the same layer depths and grain sizes was used as a reference. In general, the maximum permissible concentration level of 0.1-mg Me/L controlled the minimum coagulant dose requirements when metal-based coagulants were used (Norwegian water quality standard). Typical NOM removal efficiencies obtained with metal coagulantswere in the range of 75–90% and 40–70% with respect to colour and organic carbon, respectively. Chitosan was able to remove colour quite effectively, but this coagulant was less effective with respect to organic carbon removal. Lightweight expanded clay aggregate was a good alternative to anthracite, with lower rates of head loss build-up, and increased filter run length and filter storage capacity. Only small differences in effluent water quality were detected with the two filters.

scholarly journals Natural organic matter removal by ion exchange at different positions in the drinking water treatment lane

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Grefte ◽  
M. Dignum ◽  
E. R. Cornelissen ◽  
L. C. Rietveld
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Biological Stability ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Slow Sand Filtration

Abstract. To guarantee a good water quality at the customers tap, natural organic matter (NOM) should be (partly) removed during drinking water treatment. The objective of this research was to improve the biological stability of the produced water by incorporating anion exchange (IEX) for NOM removal. Different placement positions of IEX in the treatment lane (IEX positioned before coagulation, before ozonation or after slow sand filtration) and two IEX configurations (MIEX® and fluidized IEX (FIX)) were compared on water quality as well as costs. For this purpose the pre-treatment plant at Loenderveen and production plant Weesperkarspel of Waternet were used as a case study. Both, MIEX® and FIX were able to remove NOM (mainly the HS fraction) to a high extent. NOM removal can be done efficiently before ozonation and after slow sand filtration. The biological stability, in terms of assimilable organic carbon, biofilm formation rate and dissolved organic carbon, was improved by incorporating IEX for NOM removal. The operational costs were assumed to be directly dependent of the NOM removal rate and determined the difference between the IEX positions. The total costs for IEX for the three positions were approximately equal (0.0631 € m−3), however the savings on following treatment processes caused a cost reduction for the IEX positions before coagulation and before ozonation compared to IEX positioned after slow sand filtration. IEX positioned before ozonation was most cost effective and improved the biological stability of the treated water.

scholarly journals Modeling and characterization of natural organic matter and its relationship with the THMs formation

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-816 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Formation Mechanism ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Disinfection Process ◽  
By Products

<p>Natural organic matter (NOM) has been identified as the prominent precursor for disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation during chlorination. Various studies have shown that the characteristics of NOM influence the Trihalomethanes (THMs) formation mechanism. The present study represents NOM categorization in terms of total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV absorbance at 254 nm wavelengths (UV<sub>254</sub>) and specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) to investigate the effects of NOM on THMs formation mechanism. The high rate of dependency was found for each representative of NOM with respect to water quality characteristics and operational condition of disinfection process. Values of SUVA and UV<sub>254</sub> is drastically reduced with respect from higher to a moderate chlorine dose which represent the chlorine contact is more predominant with hydrophobic fractions of NOM. The value of SUVA is decreasing with respect to temperature and reaction time, which reveled higher rate of utilization for hydrophobic fractions of NOM. Predictive modeling approach was carried out using multiple regression analysis with the combination of two surrogates at each stage of modeling with help of operational condition of disinfection process and water quality characteristics. The R<sup>2</sup> value of the model was found in the range of 0.927 to 0.937 from the developed model and a model could be recommended for prediction of THMs in drinking water.</p>

Advanced oxidation processes: flowsheet options for bulk natural organic matter removal

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Murray ◽  
S.A. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Advanced Oxidation Processes ◽  
Advanced Oxidation ◽  
Fenton’S Reagent ◽  
Fenton's Reagent ◽  
Oxidation Processes

Advanced oxidation processes have been reported to have the potential to remove natural organic matter from source waters. Of these Fenton's reagent, photo-Fenton's reagent and titanium dioxide photocatalysis are the three most promising processes. Compared to conventional coagulation/flocculation processes they have higher removal efficiencies in terms of both dissolved organic carbon and UV254 absorbance. Under optimum reaction conditions all three remove over 80% dissolved organic carbon and 0% UV254 absorbance. In addition the enhanced removal of natural organic matter leads to a corresponding reduction in the formation of disinfection by-products following chlorination of the treated water. Advanced oxidation processes give enhanced removal of organic species ranging from low to high molecular weight while coagulation/flocculation is inefficient at removing low molecular weight species. One additional benefit is all three processes produce less residuals compared to conventional coagulation, which is advantageous as the disposal of such residuals normally contributes a large proportion of the costs at water treatment works.

scholarly journals Effects of ozonation and temperature on biodegradation of natural organic matter in biological granular activated carbon filters

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. T. J. van der Aa ◽  
L. C. Rietveld ◽  
J. C. van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Granular Activated Carbon ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Oxygen Removal ◽  
Theoretical Maximum ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Abstract. Four pilot (biological) granular activated carbon ((B)GAC) filters were operated to quantify the effects of ozonation and water temperature on the biodegradation of natural organic matter (NOM) in (B)GAC filters. Removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide were taken as indicators for NOM biodegradation. Ozonation stimulated DOC and AOC removal in the BGAC filters, but had no significant effect on oxygen removal and carbon dioxide production. The temperature had no significant effect on DOC and AOC removal, while oxygen removal and carbon dioxide production increased with increasing temperature. Multivariate linear regression was used to quantify these relations. In summer the ratio between oxygen consumption and DOC removal exceeded the theoretical maximum of 2.5 g O2·g C−1 and the ratio between carbon dioxide production and DOC removal exceeded the theoretical maximum of 3.7 g CO2·g C−1. Bioregeneration of large NOM molecules could explain this excesses and the non-correlation between DOC and AOC removal and oxygen removal and carbon dioxide production. However bioregeneration of large NOM molecules was considered not likely to happen, due to sequestration.

USE OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER BY MICROORGANISMS: FORMATION OF WATER QUALITY IN A POND OF A HIGH TROPHIC LEVEL

Fisheries ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (5) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Sadchikov ◽  
Sergey Ostroumov
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Trophic Level ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystem ◽  
High Trophic Level ◽  
Bacterioplankton Community ◽  
Algae And Bacteria

The role of algae and bacteria in the consumption and mineralization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a highly trophic aquatic ecosystem was studied. The phytoplankton and bacterioplankton community consumed 60% of added DOM in August and 56% of DOM in September. Of the uptaken DOM, a significant amount of organic carbon was mineralized. In August 42.7% and in September 29% of organic carbon (of the consumed organic matter) were used for respiration.

Removal of Humic Substances by Coagulation

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.R. O’Melia ◽  
W.C. Becker ◽  
K.-K. Au
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Complex Formation ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Quality Characteristic ◽  
Oxide Surfaces ◽  
Water Quality Characteristic ◽  
Coagulant Dosage

Measurements and modeling of the adsorption of natural organic matter (NOM) on oxide surfaces are presented and compared. Agreement is good and supports the view that the adsorption of NOM on oxides depends significantly on complex formation reactions between specific sites on oxide surfaces and functional groups on the NOM. Coagulant requirements can and often are set by the total organic carbon (TOC) concentration in a water source. Frequently there is a stoichiometric relationship between the required coagulant dosage and the TOC of the water to be treated. Other important factors include pH and the concentration of divalent cations. Ozone may benefit or retard coagulation, depending on coagulant type and the water quality characteristic that is dominant in setting the optimum coagulant dose.

Reduction of natural organic matter by an electrolytic process, conventional coagulation and direct descending filtration in a pilot-scale water treatment system

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Cochrane Santiago Sampaio ◽  
Eliezer Fares Abdala Neto ◽  
Ari Clecius Alves de Lima ◽  
Isabel Cristina Lima Freitas ◽  
Marisete Dantas de Aquino
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
Electrolytic Process

scholarly journals Biodegradation Behavior of Ozonated Natural Organic Matter in Sand Filters

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Z. Wang ◽  
R. S. Summers
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Glyoxylic Acid ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Substrate Removal ◽  
Exchange Resins

Natural organic matter (NOM) in drinking water is a complex mixture of organic compounds. Some of the compounds are not biodegradable, while others are quickly biodegradable and a third group is more resistant to biodegradation. To have a better understanding of the biofiltration process in drinking water treatment, it is important to identify the elements of the quickly and slowly biodegradable NOM and to characterize the biodegradation rate of each element. In this study, an ozonated NOM solution was used as the substrate. The NOM was isolated from a groundwater in Germany using ion-exchange resins. The ozone dose was 0.35 mg O3/mg DOC (dissolved organic carbon). Previously bioacclimated sand was used as filter media and biomass source and was homogeneously distributed in the filter prior to each run. The substrate removal was evaluated by DOC, biodegradable DOC (BDOC), assimilable organic carbon (AOC), aldehyde and ketoacid analyses. When expressed in terms of the empty bed contact time (EBCT), the results showed that filter velocity in the range of 1.5 to 15 m/hr had no impact on substrate removal. This implies that substrate utilization, not external mass transfer, is the rate limiting step for substrate removal in drinking water biofilters. In this study, compounds or NOM fractions are termed quickly biodegradable if they are removed in the first three minutes of EBCT. 15% of the DOC was removed by the biofilter within three minutes of EBCT and was termed the quickly biodegradable fraction. The BDOC fraction of the ozonated solution was determined to be 40 to 45% of the DOC. In terms of BDOC, about one third of the total BDOC was quickly biodegradable. The AOC results show that about 90% of the total AOC was utilized by Spirillum sp. NOX (AOC-NOX). Most of the AOC was quickly biodegradable and was removed within one minute of EBCT. For aldehydes, glyoxal and methyl glyoxal were removed to below the detection limit after two minutes of EBCT. However, only 60% of formaldehyde removal was achieved in the first two minutes of EBCT, and no additional removal was achieved with increasing EBCT. Additionally, no significant removal of acetaldehyde was observed. The results of ketoacids show that their utilization rates were very high. More than 90% of glyoxylic acid and pyruvic acid were removed within one minute of EBCT.

scholarly journals KAJIAN KUALITAS AIR DAN PENGGUNAAN SUMUR GALI OLEH MASYARAKAT DI SEKITAR SUNGAI KALIYASA KABUPATEN CILACAP

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Endar Budi Sasongko ◽  
Endang Widyastuti ◽  
Rawuh Edy Priyono
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Iron Chloride ◽  
Observational Result ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Dug Well

Sungai Kaliyasa mengalami penurunan kualitas dan diduga mempengaruhi kualitas air sumur gali. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengkaji: 1) kualitas air sumur gali, parameter fisika, kimia, dan mikrobiologi dibandingkan dengan Permenkes RI No.416/Menkes/Per/IX/1990, 2) perilaku masyarakat, dan 3) hubungan perilaku masyarakat dengan kualitas air sumur gali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semua air sumur gali tidak berbau, TDS, mangan, dan pH memenuhi baku mutu, sedangkan warna, besi, klorida, dan total coliform tidak memenuhi baku mutu. Perilaku masyarakat secara umum tidak baik. Perilaku masyarakat secara signifikan berhubungan dengan kualitas air sumur gali di sekitar Sungai Kaliyasa. Hal yang dapat disarankan yaitu: 1) masyarakat membuat IPAL, 2) pemerintah dan masyarakat dapat merubah perilaku masyarakat. Kata Kunci: Kualitas air, sumur gali, perilaku masyarakat, Sungai Kaliyasa. Water quality of Kaliyasa River has decreased and suspected to affect water quality dug well.  Research’s aim review: 1) water quality dug wells, physics, chemical, and microbiology parameters compared with Permenkes RI No.416/Menkes/Per/IX/1990, 2) society behavior, and 3) societies behavioural relationship with water quality dug well. Observational result showed that all water quality dug well are odorless, TDS, manganese, and pH accomplished the quality standard. While the color, iron, chloride, and total coliform parameters were not accomplish the quality standard. Society’s behaviour commonly was inauspicious.  Society behaviour significantly associated with water quality dug well around Kaliyasa River. Suggestions: 1) society makes WWTP, 2) government and society can change society behaviour.

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