scholarly journals Reuse of municipal wastewater for different purposes based on a modular treatment concept

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Nahrstedt ◽  
Anil Gaba ◽  
Barbara Zimmermann ◽  
Timo Jentzsch ◽  
Kerstin Kroemer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Direct Treatment ◽  
Monitoring Strategies ◽  
Modular Treatment ◽  
Safe Transport

Abstract Due to water scarcity and water pollution, the importance of water reuse is increasing more and more. As part of a German research programme on water reuse, the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant in the coastal region of northern Germany was used to investigate within the project MULTI-ReUse the direct treatment of tertiary effluent for usage in different applications in industry or agriculture. A modular constructed pilot system has been operated to optimize different treatment chains producing different water qualities simultaneously. The technological focus was put on membrane technologies, namely ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO), and also biofiltration, adsorption and disinfection were part of the piloting. Beside the development of monitoring strategies for ensuring biological and chemical safe water qualities, the operational stability and the safe transport of water to the consumers were examined. The direct treatment of wastewater is a demanding task due to the lack of dilution and hydraulic retention time in the receiving water (environmental buffer). However, the multiple barrier approach guaranteed constant secure water. Fine adjustments of individual processes were particularly important. A stable operation of the UF could be realized in particular by using more or less intermittent inline coagulation as coating. The RO performance could be improved significantly by using monochloramine as disinfectant to minimize biofouling.

Effects of the DO of Nitrification Return Flow on the Nitrogen Removal of A/A-MBR Combined Process

2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Ying Zheng ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Ji Li ◽  
Yu Jie He ◽  
Xi Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Denitrification Rate ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Return Flow ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Combined Process

In this study, the traditional A/A/O process was combined with MBR to create the A/A-MBR combined process. A 2.0 m3/h pilot scale study on the combined process was carried out. The influence mechanism of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the return flow on the A/A-MBR combined process was analyzed and the suitable dissolved oxygen concentration in MBR was further optimized. The results show that the combined process has the characteristics of rapid start and stable operation. Its COD, NH4+-N, TN and TP removals were 82.1%~92.4%, 93.0~98.3%, 48.4~70.7% and 93.8~97.9%, respectively. The return flow with high concentration of DO in MBR seriously affected the denitrification rate. The DO concentration of return flow increased gradually from 2.0 mg/L to 5.0 mg/L, the denitrification rate continuously decreased, the denitrification rate in the first stage decreased from 2.52 mg NO3--N/(gVSS•h) to 0.34mg NO3--N/(gVSS•h). When the DO of nitrification return liquid ascended to 5 mg/L, the denitrification ability of activated sludge was severely inhibited, and its denitrification activity was even lost. DO were controlled between 4.0±0.5 mg/L by adjusting the aeration rate in the MBR, effluent TN could be stably maintained between 10.82-13.94 mg/L with 62.6% average removal rate. The effluent COD, NH4+-N, TN and TP stably qualified to t criteria of the first level A of China’ s "Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant" (GB18918-2002). If the effective control of membrane fouling could be ensured, the DO in the MBR was controlled as much as possible fewer than 4.0 mg/L. This could decrease the inhibition of denitrification by high DO from the return flow and insure that effluent TN achieved the discharge standard.

Capillary nanofiltration coupled with powdered activated carbon adsorption for high quality water reuse

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kazner ◽  
J. Meier ◽  
T. Wintgens ◽  
T. Melin
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Powdered Activated Carbon ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Quality Water

Direct capillary nanofiltration was tested for reclamation of tertiary effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. This process can be regarded as a promising treatment alternative for high quality water reuse applications when combined with powdered activated carbon for enhanced removal of organic compounds. The nanofiltration was operated at flux levels between 20 and 25 L/(m2 h) at a transmembrane pressure difference of 2–3 bar for approximately 4,000 operating hours. The study was conducted with PAC doses in the range from 0 to 50 mg/L. The plant removal for DOC ranged from 88–98%. The sulfate retention of the membrane filtration process was between 87 and 96%. The process provided a consistently high permeate quality with respect to organic and inorganic key parameters.

Proof of concept for a new energy-positive wastewater treatment scheme

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 1709-1716 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Remy ◽  
M. Boulestreau ◽  
B. Lesjean
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Conventional Activated Sludge ◽  
Pilot Trials ◽  
Activated Sludge Processes

For improved exploitation of the energy content present in the organic matter of raw sewage, an innovative concept for treatment of municipal wastewater is tested in pilot trials and assessed in energy balance and operational costs. The concept is based on a maximum extraction of organic matter into the sludge via coagulation, flocculation and microsieving (100 μm mesh size) to increase the energy recovery in anaerobic sludge digestion and decrease aeration demand for carbon mineralisation. Pilot trials with real wastewater yield an extraction of 70–80% of total chemical oxygen demand into the sludge while dosing 15–20 mg/L Al and 5–7 mg/L polymer with stable operation of the microsieve and effluent limits below 2–3 mg/L total phosphorus. Anaerobic digestion of the microsieve sludge results in high biogas yields of 600 NL/kg organic dry matter input (oDMin) compared to 430 NL/kg oDMin for mixed sludge from a conventional activated sludge process. The overall energy balance for a 100,000 population equivalent (PE) treatment plant (including biofilter for post-treatment with full nitrification and denitrification with external carbon source) shows that the new concept is an energy-positive treatment process with comparable effluent quality than conventional processes, even when including energy demand for chemicals production. Estimated operating costs for electricity and chemicals are in the same range for conventional activated sludge processes and the new concept.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Escherichia coli and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria During Fresh Produce Production (Romaine Lettuce) Using Municipal Wastewater Effluents

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey N. Summerlin ◽  
Cícero C. Pola ◽  
Eric S. McLamore ◽  
Terry Gentry ◽  
Raghupathy Karthikeyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli

High demand for food and water encourages the exploration of new water reuse programs, including treated municipal wastewater usage. However, these sources could contain high contaminant levels posing risks to public health. The objective of this study was to grow and irrigate a leafy green (romaine lettuce) with treated wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment plant to track Escherichia coli and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms through cultivation and post-harvest storage to assess their fate and prevalence. Contamination levels found in the foliage, leachate, and soil were directly (p < 0.05) related to E. coli concentrations in the irrigation water. Wastewater concentrations from 177 to 423 CFU ml−1 resulted in 15–25% retention in the foliage. Leachate and soil presented means of 231 and 116% retention, respectively. E. coli accumulation on the foliage was observed (p < 0.05) and increased by over 400% during 14-day storage (4°C). From randomly selected E. coli colonies, in all four biomass types, 81 and 34% showed resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin, respectively. Reclaimed wastewater usage for leafy greens cultivation could pose potential health risks, especially considering the bacteria found have a high probability of being antibiotic resistance. Successful reuse of wastewater in agriculture will depend on appropriate mitigation and management strategies to guarantee an inexpensive, efficient, and safe water supply.

scholarly journals Reclaimed water driven lettuce cultivation in a hydroponic system: the need of micropollutant removal by advanced wastewater treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kreuzig ◽  
Jaqueline Haller-Jans ◽  
Cornelia Bischoff ◽  
Johannes Leppin ◽  
Jörn Germer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Advanced Wastewater Treatment

AbstractFor a novel approach of resource-efficient water reuse, a municipal wastewater treatment plant was extended at pilot scale for advanced wastewater treatment, i.e., ozonation and biological activated carbon filtration, and a hydroponic system for reclaimed water driven lettuce cultivation. The treatment specific wastewater lines with the corresponding lettuce plants, differentiated into roots and shoots, were monitored for priority wastewater micropollutants, i.e., acesulfame (sweetener), caffeine (stimulant), carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, sulfamethoxazole with acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (human pharmaceuticals), 1H-benzotriazole, and 4/5-methylbenzotriazole (industrial chemicals). As clearly demonstrated, conventional tertiary treatment could not efficiently clean up wastewater. Removal efficiencies ranged from 3% for carbamazepine to 100% for ibuprofen. The resulting pollution of the hydroponic water lines led to the accumulation of acesulfame, carbamazepine, and diclofenac in lettuce root systems at 32.0, 69.5, and 135 μg kg−1 and in the uptake of acesulfame and carbamazepine into lettuce shoots at 23.4 and 120 μg kg−1 dry weight, respectively. In contrast, both advanced treatment technologies when operating under optimized conditions achieved removal efficiencies of > 90% also for persistent micropollutants. Minimizing the pollution of reclaimed water thus met one relevant need for hydroponic lettuce cultivation. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Urban water reuse: microbial pathogens control by direct filtration and ultraviolet disinfection

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo de Lima Isaac ◽  
Luciana Urbano dos Santos ◽  
Mariana S. Tosetto ◽  
Regina Maura Bueno Franco ◽  
José Roberto Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Ultraviolet Disinfection ◽  
Total Coliforms

Physicochemical treatment efficiency for unrestricted urban water reuse was evaluated at a conventional activated-sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Pilot plant set-up consisted of an alum coagulation step, granular media upflow flocculation and direct downflow dual-media filtration followed by ultraviolet disinfection (dose of 95 mJ cm−2). Optimum aluminum sulfate dosage of 10 mg L−1 and coagulation pH 7.0 were preset based on bench scale tests. Under WWTP stable operation, water quality met United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) suggested guidelines for unrestricted urban reuse regarding turbidity (mean value 1.3 NTU) and suspended solids (mean value 2.1 mg L−1). When WWTP overall plant performance dropped from 90 to 80% (although BOD value stayed below 6 mg O2 L−1, suggesting unrestricted reuse), solids breakthrough in filtrate was observed. Microorganism removal rates were: total coliforms 60.0%, Escherichia coli 63.0%, Giardia spp. 81.0%, and helminth eggs 62.5%; thus organisms still remained in filtrate. Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection efficiency was 4.1- and 3.8-log for total coliforms and E. coli, respectively. Considering low UV efficiency obtained for helminths and the survival of protozoa and helminths in the environment, effluent quality presents risk to public health if destined for unrestricted urban reuse.

scholarly journals Process evaluation of urban river replenished with reclaimed water from a wastewater treatment plant based on the risk of algal bloom and comprehensive acute toxicity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danyan Sun ◽  
Xiaohu Lin ◽  
Zhibo Lu ◽  
Juwen Huang ◽  
Guangming Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Algal Bloom ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Aquatic Ecology ◽  
Urban River ◽  
Biological Toxicity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Receiving Water

Abstract Municipal wastewater reuse has an important role to play with scarce water resources and serious water pollution. However, the impact of reclaimed water on the aquatic ecology and organisms of the receiving water needs to be assessed. This study investigated one ecological restoration project of an urban river replenished with reclaimed water, and evaluated the risk of algal bloom and acute biological toxicity in the river. Results showed that the concentrations of permanganate index and ammonia nitrogen in the river could stably remain below the standard values, the concentrations of total phosphorus were high and most of the monitoring values were between 0.42 and 0.86 mg/L. The content of chlorophyll a was relatively lower, ranging from 0.06 to 0.10 mg/m3. The maximum value of Fv/Fm was 0.42, which was lower than the algal bloom prediction threshold of 0.63. Moreover, the results of luminescence inhibition rate on luminescent bacteria showed that the reclaimed water did not cause significant biological toxicity to the aquatic ecology. The study suggested that implementing urban reclaimed water reuse projects requires a series of ecological purification and restoration technologies in the receiving water, which can effectively guarantee the stability of water quality and the safety of water ecological environment.

Removal of endocrine disruptors and cytostatics from effluent by nanofiltration in combination with adsorption on powdered activated carbon

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1699-1706 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kazner ◽  
K. Lehnberg ◽  
L. Kovalova ◽  
T. Wintgens ◽  
T. Melin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Endocrine Disruptors ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Powdered Activated Carbon ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Total Removal ◽  
Coke Dust

Direct capillary nanofiltration also in combination with an upstream powdered activated carbon treatment was tested for high quality water reuse of tertiary effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Two endocrine disruptors (BPA and EE2) and two cytostatics (CytR and 5-FU) were spiked in concentrations of 1 to 2 μg/L to evaluate the process performance. In direct NF the real total removal of the micropollutants was between 5 and 40%. Adsorption to the membrane played a major role leading to a seemingly total removal between 35 and 70%. Addition of powdered activated carbon and lignite coke dust largely reduced the influence from adsorption to the membrane and increased the total removal to >95 to 99.9% depending on the PAC type and dose. The cytostatics showed already in direct NF a very high removal due to unspecified losses. Further investigations are ongoing to understand the underlying mechanism. The PAC/NF process provided a consistently high permeate quality with respect to bulk and trace organics.

Comparing the effluent organic matter removal of direct NF and powdered activated carbon/NF as high quality pretreatment options for artificial groundwater recharge

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 821-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kazner ◽  
T. Wintgens ◽  
T. Melin ◽  
S. Baghoth ◽  
S. Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Powdered Activated Carbon ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Effluent Organic Matter ◽  
High Quality

Direct nanofiltration and nanofiltration combined with powdered activated carbon known as the PAC/NF process were tested regarding the removal of effluent organic matter for reclamation of tertiary effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. They can be regarded as a promising treatment alternative for high quality water reuse applications, especially for direct injection. The total removal for DOC was above 90% with permeate concentrations below 0.5 mg/l. Size exclusion chromatography and fluorescence EEM proved to trace origin of the organic matter even in low concentration ranges. The type and dosage of adsorbent influences the process performance significantly and allows process optimization.

scholarly journals A techno-economic analysis of membrane-based advanced treatment processes for the reuse of municipal wastewater

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Kehrein ◽  
Morez Jafari ◽  
Marc Slagt ◽  
Emile Cornelissen ◽  
Patricia Osseweijer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Advanced Treatment ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Reclamation Process

Abstract The objective of this paper is to compare, under Dutch market conditions, the energy consumption and net costs of membrane-based advanced treatment processes for three water reuse types (i.e. potable, industrial, agricultural reuse). The water source is municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent. Results indicate that the application of reverse osmosis is needed to reclaim high quality water for industrial and potable reuse but not for irrigation water which offers significant energy savings but may not lead automatically to lower net costs. While a reclamation process for industrial reuse is economically most promising, irrigation water reclamation processes are not cost effective due to low water prices. Moreover, process operational expenditures may exceed capital expenditures which is important for tender procedures. A significant cost factor is waste management that may exceed energy costs. Water recovery rates could be significantly enhanced through the integration of a softener/biostabilizer unit prior to reverse osmosis. Moreover, the energy consumption of wastewater reclamation processes could be supplied on-site with solar energy. The possibility of designing a ‘fit for multi-purpose’ reclamation process is discussed briefly. This comparative analysis allows for better informed decision making about which reuse type is preferably targeted in a municipal wastewater reuse project from a process design perspective.

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