scholarly journals Optimization of resource and water recovery from urine

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Lefebvre ◽  
Jiangyong Hu ◽  
Say Leong Ong ◽  
How Yong Ng
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Evaporation Process ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Fresh Urine

This study deals with the feasibility and practicality to recover water and nutrients from fresh urine by means of evaporation/condensation. The evaporation process generated two distinct fractions: a condensate and a concentrate. The optimal percentage of evaporation (in volume) was found to be 80%, resulting in optimal condensate quality. Higher percentages of evaporation resulted in a deterioration of water quality, as urea decomposed into ammonia, followed by volatilization of the ammonia which ended up in the condensate. Following evaporation, struvite was recovered from the concentrate at an optimal Mg/N ratio of 1/1. The condensate was purified by filtration into two layers of soil and sand, followed by zeolites. Complete removal of N-NH3 and 91% removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) could be achieved throughout this process. Finally, the condensate was disinfected by sodium hypochlorite, achieving over 6-log inactivation of MS2 bacteriophage at a dose of 1,200 mg min/L. In conclusion, this study shows that there exist some potential benefits to the production of high-quality water and fertilizer from urine. The value of struvite recovered from the concentrate was found to be equivalent to that of the water from the condensate, showing that both streams deserve equal attention.

scholarly journals The Effect of Mixing Ratios on the Performance of an Integrated Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment Plant for a Recyclable High-Quality Effluent

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 6097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kulyash Meiramkulova ◽  
Duman Orynbekov ◽  
Gulnur Saspugayeva ◽  
Karlygash Aubakirova ◽  
Sholpan Arystanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
World Health ◽  
Poultry Farm ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Slaughterhouse Wastewater ◽  
Mixing Ratios

Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater is characterized by high pollution strength, making its treatment before discharge or recycling of great importance. This study investigated the potential influence of mixing ratios on the treatability of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater under three different mixing ratios; 20:80, 50:50, and 80:20 of defeathering and cooling sources, respectively. Wastewater samples were collected from the Izhevski production corporate (PC) poultry farm located in the Akmola region, Kazakhstan. The lab-scale treatment plant, designed to simulate the industrial-scale treatment plant of the poultry farm, consists of electrolysis, membrane filtration, and ultraviolet disinfection as the main units. The general design purpose of the Izhevski PC treatment plant is to treat about 1.25 m3/h (51.72%) of the total wastewater generated from the defeathering and cooling sections of the slaughterhouse to a recyclable degree. Water quality indices (WQIs) were developed for each of the studied mixing ratios. A comparative analysis was also done with drinking water quality standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO), as well as the government of Kazakhstan. From the analysis results, the defeathering raw wastewater was generally higher in pollution strength than the cooling wastewater. It was also observed that the increase in the ratio of defeathering wastewater reduced treatment efficiency for some physicochemical parameters such as turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), color, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), as well as chemical oxygen demand (COD). However, 100% removal efficiency was achieved for the microbial parameters for all the three studied ratios. Based on the computed WQIs, the highest-quality effluent was achieved from the 20:80 (defeathering:cooling) mixing ratio. However, with the fact that all the three mixing ratios produced “excellent” status, the 80:20 (defeathering:cooling) mixing ratio stands to be an ideal option. The selection of 80:20 mixing ratio has the potential to reduce the pollution load in the wastewater discharged to the sewerage system, while achieving high-quality effluent for recycling in the cooling processes of the slaughterhouse.

scholarly journals Water reclamation from shale gas drilling flow-back fluid using a novel forward osmosis–vacuum membrane distillation hybrid system

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1036-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-Mei Li ◽  
Baolong Zhao ◽  
Zhouwei Wang ◽  
Ming Xie ◽  
Jianfeng Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid System ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Gas Drilling ◽  
Vacuum Membrane Distillation ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Shale Gas Drilling

This study examined the performance of a novel hybrid system of forward osmosis (FO) combined with vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) for reclaiming water from shale gas drilling flow-back fluid (SGDF). In the hybrid FO-VMD system, water permeated through the FO membrane into a draw solution reservoir, and the VMD process was used for draw solute recovery and clean water production. Using a SGDF sample obtained from a drilling site in China, the hybrid system could achieve almost 90% water recovery. Quality of the reclaimed water was comparable to that of bottled water. In the hybrid FO-VMD system, FO functions as a pre-treatment step to remove most contaminants and constituents that may foul or scale the membrane distillation (MD) membrane, whereas MD produces high quality water. It is envisioned that the FO-VMD system can recover high quality water not only from SGDF but also other wastewaters with high salinity and complex compositions.

Water recovery from sewage using forward osmosis

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 1443-1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerusha Lutchmiah ◽  
Emile R. Cornelissen ◽  
Danny J. H. Harmsen ◽  
Jan W. Post ◽  
Keith Lampi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Mining Project ◽  
Quality Water

This research is part of the Sewer Mining project aimed at developing a new technological concept by extracting water from sewage by means of forward osmosis (FO). FO, in combination with a reconcentration system, e.g. reverse osmosis (RO) is used to recover high-quality water. Furthermore, the subsequent concentrated sewage (containing an inherent energy content) can be converted into a renewable energy (RE) source (i.e. biogas). The effectiveness of FO membranes in the recovery of water from sewage has been evaluated. Stable FO water flux values (>4.3 LMH) were obtained with primary effluent (screened, not treated) used as the feed solution. Fouling of the membrane was also induced and further investigated. Accumulated fouling was found to be apparent, but not irreversible. Sewer Mining could lead to a more economical and sustainable treatment of wastewater, facilitating the extraction of water and energy from sewage and changing the way it is perceived: not as waste, but as a resource.

THE EFFECT OF WATER QUALITY ON REMOVAL OF ACETAMINOPHEN IN SURFACE WATER BY OZONATION PROCESS

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Anis Ahmad Lutpi ◽  
Muhamad Ali Muhammad Yuzir ◽  
Ee Ling Yong ◽  
Mohamad Razman Salim ◽  
Zulkifli Yusop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Ozonation Process

The effectiveness of ozone to remove acetaminophen in surface water was studied. The results demonstrated that the removal of acetaminophen in surface water by ozone was achieved less than 30 minutes. Ozonation experiment was conducted with the initial concentration of 3.3 x 10-3 mM acetaminophen and para-cholobenzoic acid was selected as hydroxyl radical probe. The second-order rate constants for the reactions between acetaminophen and ozone have been evaluated in different quality of surface water. Based on the result obtained, ozonewas reducing rapidly in water samples according to the level of water quality. The presence of various organic and inorganic compounds in the water samples, which greatly influence the decomposition of dissolved ozone, hydroxyl exposure and removal of acetaminophen. The rate constants showed the minimum value (7.34 x 10-4 M-1 s-1) in lower water quality and maximum value (4.57 x 10-2 M-1 s-1) in high-quality water.

scholarly journals Pilot-scale test of industrial wastewater treatment by UASB and MBR using a ceramic flat sheet membrane for water reuse

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 490-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terutake Niwa ◽  
Takuya Yamashita ◽  
Masataka Mitsumizo ◽  
Masanobu Takahashi ◽  
Masashi Hatamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Flat Sheet ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Industrial Reuse ◽  
Flat Sheet Membrane ◽  
Sheet Membrane

Abstract A pilot plant was studied to investigate a new method for reclaiming wastewater from the industrial area of Jurong, producing high quality water from it for industrial reuse. The new process used an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and a membrane bioreactor (MBR) with a submerged ceramic flat sheet membrane. The feedwater from the chamber with the industrial wastewater was high in chemical oxygen demand (COD), which varied between 644 and 2,380 mg L–1 and had a pH range of 6.7–7.1. The MBR process was operated in series at a flux of 18–25 Lm–2 h–1 for 100 days. The average COD and the biological oxygen demand of products of the above system were 155 and 9 mg L–1, respectively. The results of this study indicated that a UASB-ceramic MBR process was capable of stably producing high quality water for industrial reuse from industrial wastewater.

scholarly journals Advanced Treatment of Real Grey Water by SBR Followed by Ultrafiltration—Performance and Fouling Behavior

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Kamińska ◽  
Anna Marszałek
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
The Real ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Quality Water

Grey water has been identified as a potential source of water in a number of applications e.g., toilet flushing, laundering in first rinsing, floor cleaning, and irrigation. The major obstacle to the reuse of grey water relates to pathogens, nutrients, and organic matter found in grey water. Therefore, much effort has been put to treat grey water, in order to yield high-quality water deprived of bacteria and with an appropriate value in a wide range of quality parameters (Total Organic Carbon (TOC), nitrate, phosphate, ammonium, pH, and absorbance), similar to the values for tap water. The aim of this study was to treat the real grey water, and turn it into high-quality, safe water. For this purpose, the real grey water was treated by means of a sequential biological reactor (SBR) followed by ultrafiltration. Initially, grey water was treated in a laboratory SBR reactor with a capacity of 3 L, operated in a 24 h cycle. Then, SBR effluent was purified in a cross-flow ultrafiltration setup. Treatment efficiency in SBR and ultrafiltration was assessed using extended physicochemical and microbiological analyses (pH, conductivity, color, absorbance, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), nitrate, phosphate, ammonium, total nitrogen, phenol index, nonionic and anionic surfactants, TOC, Escherichia coli, and enterococci). Additionally, ultrafiltration was evaluated in terms of fouling behavior for three polymer membranes with different MWCO (molecular weight cut-off). The values of quality parameters (pH, conductivity, COD, BOD5, TOC, N-NH4+, N-NO3−, Ntot, and P-PO43−) measured in SBR effluent did not exceed permissible values for wastewater discharged to soil and water. Ultrafiltration provided the high-quality water with very low values of COD (5.8–18.1 mg/L), TOC (0.47–2.19 mg/L), absorbanceUV254 (0.015–0.048 1/cm), color (10–29 mgPt/L) and concentration of nitrate (0.18–0.56 mg/L), phosphate (0.9–2.1 mg/L), ammonium (0.03–0.11 mg/L), and total nitrogen (3.3–4.7 mg/L) as well as lack of E. coli and enterococci. Membrane structural and surface properties did not affect the treatment efficiency, but did influence the fouling behavior.

scholarly journals Water Quality Evaluation in Term of WQI River Tungabhadra, Karnataka, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S11) ◽  
pp. 2065-2073
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Water Quality Evaluation ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Long Run

Theoretical The assessment sentiments the Weighted variety juggling Water terrific Index (WQIa) regard had been given for River Tungabhadra, an imperative tributary of Krishna River bowl. A WQIa passes on an top notch score that offers entire water palatable at a selected stretch and term relying on a few water outstanding obstacles. The equal old clarification of a WQIa is to provide complex water incredible bits of studying into records that is simple and useable with the guide of the machine. numerous nice sincere water pinnacle of the line parameters, as an instance, pH, widespread separated solids (TDS), with the aid of and big alkalinity, deteriorated oxygen (DO), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), all out hardness (TH), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and electric powered powered conductivity (EC) have been Used for surveying the WQIa. The WQIa respects for the Tungabhadra River impact from 40 to 156. The estimations of WQIa demonstrated that the improvement water changed into free of any dirtying impacts on the taking a gander at areas along 2-3 months wherein its tendencies have been below remarkable condtion. On each event there are anthropogenic impact viz modern spouting, usa flood and close by sewage that is direct dispatch into go with the flow water gets dirtied to a few section and in the long run of WQI rots. it's far opinioned that WQIa can be done as an apparatus in regarding the water-concept of severa assets. It passes at the tool a famous attention of the thinkable framework abandons with water in a specific stretch. The WQI are a number of the high-quality procedures to control circulate at the measurements on water-exquisite guide to the open device or to the water impeccable approach makers and this is assist finished to weight suitable mitigative degree.

scholarly journals Rainwater catchments in rural Alaska have the potential to produce high-quality water and high quantities of water for household use

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 788-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlin Mattos ◽  
Elizabeth King ◽  
Cara Lucas ◽  
Elizabeth Hodges Snyder ◽  
Aaron Dotson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Common Source ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Rural Alaska ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Site Water ◽  
Quality Water

Abstract Rainwater collection is a common source of household water in developed and developing communities where treated on-site water is not available. Although rainwater catchment has been practiced for generations in rural Alaska communities, there are little data available on the quality and quantity of rainwater resources. Forty-eight rainwater samples were collected from nine communities in Alaska over 2 years. Samples were tested for physical water quality parameters, metals, and bacteria. Characteristics of household catchments were recorded. Rainwater quantity in two communities was evaluated. Overall, high-quality water was observed in rain catchments, with average total organic carbon (TOC) and turbidity being lower than or equal to those values in other published rainwater studies. pH was consistently low. Over 80% of samples were below the United States limits for metals and met international microbiological water quality standards. However, variation was observed between households, communities, indoor/outdoor bacteria samples, covered/uncovered storage containers, and over time. The quantity of rainwater available for catchment could supply 17–40% of annual household water and is projected to increase in future decades according to Alaska climate models. Best practices are recommended for rural Alaska communities to maintain the naturally high quality of rainwater and take advantage of large quantities of rainwater available on-site.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal variation of water quality in a watershed in center-west Paraná, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Felipe Bedim Godoy ◽  
Enzo Luigi Crisiogiovanni ◽  
Elias Trevisan ◽  
Fernando Aparecido Dias Radomski
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
River Watershed ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Water quality monitoring is an essential strategy for water resources management. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters play an important role in the characterization of water quality. They are helpful tools for the identification of pollution in aquatic ecosystems, being natural sources or because of anthropogenic actions, and contribute to making decisions as well as sustainable development in a hydrographic basin. This study analyzed the water quality variation over a period of 20 years in Piquiri River watershed. Total phosphorus (TP) concentration from affluent rivers was estimated using a linear regression model. The relationship between total nitrogen and TP presented a Person's linear correlation of 0.80, while turbidity and total suspended solids presented a correlation of 0.79. The relationship between the predicted and observed values for turbidity and TP presented r² higher than 0.60. Spatial–temporal variation of water quality in Piquiri River watershed has shown good quality over the years, although unacceptable values for Escherichia coli, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus levels appeared. Most unacceptable values were identified in affluent rivers, suggesting the improvement in the water quality closer to downstream of the Piquiri River. Water quality index also showed good quality water for all stations.

TEKNOLOGI PENYEDIAAN AIR MINUM UNTUK KEADAAN TANGGAP DARURAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arie Herlambang
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Disaster Victims ◽  
Ultra Filtration ◽  
Quality Water

In the event of natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, floods and droughts, water occupies a key role in disaster relief. The presence of water is important for drinking, cooking and support the refugee areas of environmental sanitation and avoiding disaster victims of diseases waterborn disease. Water problem in disaster conditions may occur partly as a result: the disturbance of water sources because change of water quality, to become turbid or salty, the destruction of a piping system, treatment plant damage, disruption of distribution systems, or the scarcity of water in evacuation areas. Introduction of water quality becomes important to determine which process technology will be used and saved investments in emergency conditions. Priority handling of clean water usually comes first in the refugee areas with communal system, because the need of water for bathing, washing and toilet is big enough, while for a drink in the early events during disaster dominated by bottled water, but for their long-term, they have to boil water. For remote areas and difficult to reach individuals who usually use  system more simple and easily operated. Water Supply Technology for emergency response has the characteristic 1). Able to operate with all sorts of water conditions (flexible adaptable), 2). Can be operated easily, 3). Does not require much maintenance, 4). Little use of chemicals, and 5). Portable and easy removable (Mobile System). Keywords :  Water Quality, Water Treatment Technology, Drinking Water, Emergency Response, filtration, ceramic filtration, Ultra filtration, Reverse Osmosis, Ultraviolet Sterilizer, Ozonizer, Disinfection.

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