scholarly journals The status and quantification of de facto water reuse in South Africa – a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-247
Author(s):  
Umhle U. Swana ◽  
Usisipho Feleni ◽  
Tshepo J. Malefetse ◽  
Bhekie B. Mamba ◽  
Peter Schmitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Background Information ◽  
The Status ◽  
De Facto Reuse

Abstract The practice of discharging insufficiently treated wastewater to surface water used for potable use (de facto reuse) is common globally. Although de facto reuse provides a sustainable supply of water, it also affects the environment and human health negatively because the inadequately treated effluents contain contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Therefore, there is a need to determine the extent of de facto reuse in water bodies of South Africa (SA) and thus assess the potential environmental and health risks associated with the reuse of insufficiently treated wastewater in the country. This review summarizes the status of de facto reuse in SA and its negative impact on human health and the environment. Furthermore, the review provides background information on water reuse and as well as the current treatment technologies available in the country for potable water reuse. The use of a geographic information system (GIS) model in combination with caffeine (a wastewater tracer that is abundant in SA surface water systems) for the quantification of de facto reuse is also cited. Such methods, it is envisaged, will enable water management authorities to make well informed decisions regarding water quality issues in SA.

scholarly journals Following the Water: Characterising de facto Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture in the Netherlands

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 5936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack E. Beard ◽  
Marc F.P. Bierkens ◽  
Ruud P. Bartholomeus
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
De Facto Reuse ◽  
Surface Water Bodies

De facto (or indirect) wastewater reuse is the practice of extracting from surface water bodies which are impacted by treated wastewater (TWW) for anthropogenic use. The extent to which surface water bodies in the Netherlands are impacted by TWW is poorly understood, and the distribution of de facto reuse even more so. This study addresses these knowledge gaps, with a focus on reuse for agricultural irrigation. This is achieved via a novel application of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) Explorer water quality model, allowing for the distribution of different flow components—namely TWW and flow from transboundary rivers—to be discerned for the national surface water network. When paired with data on surface water extractions for irrigation, this identifies notable areas of de facto reuse. Results show that during dry conditions, TWW is a significant flow component in many surface water bodies, particularly in smaller streams located close to WWTPs. De facto reuse is indicated as widespread, with several key areas identified in which extractions are from impacted surface water bodies. This study represents a first attempt to directly link TWW emissions to agricultural irrigation, highlighting a mechanism by which wastewater-associated contaminants can propagate through the hydrological system.

Jordan Strategy for the Collection, Treatment and Reuse of Wastwater

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. R. Arar
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Total Water ◽  
The Government ◽  
Water Strategy ◽  
High Level

Jordan is situated in an arid to semi- arid zone with low and unpredictable rainfall. The country has an exceptionally low per capita water supply at less them 200 cubic meters per annum; one of the lowest on record world wide. This situation is exacerbated by increasing demand for water resulting from rapid growth in population due in part to the arrival of refugees and displaced persons, increased urbanization. improved standard of living and the continuing demands for irrigation. The gap between total demand and water supply is estimated by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) at about 336 MCM in 2005 and this to increase to about 434 MCM in 2020. To minimize the negative impact of this shortage one of the country water strategy is to increase the water supply through maximizing the production of treated wastewater and its use for irrigation / industry and other suitable uses in order to protect the environment and to save fresh water for drinking purposes. At present 90% of the population are served by piped water and 65% by sewerage network with 22 treatment plants producing the equivalent to 10% of the total water resources. This will increase to reach, in 2020, about 18.6% of the total water resources. To ensure the implementation of the reuse projects successfully the country has created the Water Use and Environment Unit supported by the necessary legislative and institutional frame work and human resources development programme and by the establishment of the high level National Water Reuse Co-ordinating Committee, representing all those Concerned in the government agencies and the private sector.

scholarly journals Prediction of water reuse potential in South African water management areas: A linear regression and Bayesian network approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Mamane ◽  
A Abimbade ◽  
A Ilemobade
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Bayesian Network ◽  
South African ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Integrated Analysis

ABSTRACT Increasing scarcity of freshwater resources and growing environmental awareness have given rise to the use of treated wastewater as an additional source of water supply. However, the amount of wastewater that can be reclaimed for reuse is subject to many factors, ranging from technical to socio-economic, environmental and institutional. This paper presents two prediction models for wastewater reuse potential in South Africa. The proposed models, namely a Bayesian Network model and a Linear Regression model, were used as a platform for integrated analysis of features such as water use, and socio-demographic and environmental factors. A dataset from the sub-regions of the 19 water management areas in South Africa was employed as input into the models in order to analyse these features and to consequently predict water reuse potential. Keywords: water reuse, wastewater recycling, Bayesian network, linear regression

scholarly journals PHARMACEUTICALS IN WATER AND WASTEWATER – OVERVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
AGNIESZKA GRDULSKA ◽  
ROBERT KOWALIK
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Active Carbon ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Water And Wastewater ◽  
As Adsorption

The paper presents concentrations of pharmaceuticals in surface water and sewage. Special attention was paid to the content of estrogens in municipal sewage and the method of their disposal. Concentrations of various pharmaceuticals in raw and treated wastewater were compared and the pharmaceuticals in different countries and waters were presented in tables. The most frequently identified drugs in sewage are sex hormones (etradiol, ester, ethinylestradiol, 17 β-estradiol) and the antiepileptic drug Carbamazepine. These drugs are difficult to remove from water and therefore appropriate treatment processes are used, such as: adsorption on active carbon, UV irradiation, etc. Contamination of water with pharmaceuticals has a negative impact on the development of aquatic organisms and can lead to serious human health problems.

scholarly journals Wastewater reuse in Turkey: from present status to future potential

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilgehan Nas ◽  
Sinan Uyanik ◽  
Ahmet Aygün ◽  
Selim Doğan ◽  
Gürsel Erul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Present Status ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Regulatory Changes ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
The Status ◽  
Future Potential

Abstract The Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (MoEU) initiated an important project, ‘Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Turkey’, in 2017. With this project, all wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated to determine wastewater reuse purposes for the first time. The results obtained from this project were that although there are 1,015 existing WWTPs, only 15 of them realized wastewater reuse. In 2017, the total volume of reused treated wastewater in Turkey amounted to 29.6 million m3/year, accounting for 0.78% of the treated urban wastewater. With the present water potential and sectoral water use rates, Turkey should make key administrative and technical regulations in the coming years for water reuse. This paper aims to give an overview of wastewater reuse activities from present status to future potential in Turkey and the opportunities and challenges in expanding water reuse. The status of WWTPs, treatment processes and their compliance with the WWTPs where reuse is carried out in Turkey are evaluated in this study. The realization of the planned goals and challenges are discussed after regulatory changes in Turkey for reclaimed wastewater and reuse targets for 2023.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE AT THE ENTERPRISES OF THE TAMBOV INDUSTRIAL HUB

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Ryazanov A.V. ◽  
Mozharov A.V. ◽  
Zawershinskiy A.N.
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
The City

One of the reasons for the current global environmental crisis is the intense anthropogenic impact on water bodies, which results in their depletion and pollution. The source of the negative impact is, in particular, insufficiently treated wastewater from industrial enterprises. Depending on the technological processes used, toxicants can enter the water bodies along with the effluents, which pose a serious threat to them. The aim of the work is to consider the features of water supply and wastewater disposal of enterprises that make up the industrial hub of the city of Tambov. The work used methods of analysis of technical documentation and statistical reporting characterizing the qualitative and quantitative composition of wastewater. Water supply of the considered enterprises is carried out from the city water supply network and own artesian wells. All enterprises do not have full-fledged treatment facilities capable of carrying out a full cycle of wastewater treatment with bringing them to a standard clean state. The use of galvanic technologies in production requires preliminary cleaning at local treatment facilities. Then the wastewater goes to the city wastewater treatment plant, where it is processed together with the municipal wastewater. Normally clean and storm water flows directly into the surface water body. The largest enterprise of the industrial hub pumps its industrial effluents into deep aquifers. Over the entire period of its operation, over 52 million m3 of liquid toxic waste was injected. As a result, a zone of contaminated groundwater was formed under the enterprise and adjacent territories. In them, the excess of the maximum permissible concentrations for a number of parameters is constantly noted. Thus, this enterprise is a source of powerful, direct negative impact on groundwater and, indirectly, on surface water. This led to the emergence of a zone of sustainable environmental risk.

Examining the entry of Walmart into South Africa: A stakeholder management perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-89
Author(s):  
Tembinkosi Bonakele ◽  
Dave Beaty ◽  
Fathima Rasool ◽  
Drikus Kriek
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Stakeholder Management ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Management Perspective ◽  
Labour Standards ◽  
History Of ◽  
Primary Focus

The recent entry of the US multinational Walmart into South Africa has proved to be a source of controversy. Key stakeholders in South Africa objected to the merger and attempted to block it unless certain conditions were met. The aim of this study was to examine the controversy and the conditions surrounding the merger. The research employed a qualitative archival analysis to examine publicly available sources of information with regard to the merger. The findings revealed key stakeholders’ concerns that Walmart’s entry would lead to an increase in imports which would displace local producers, increase unemployment, marginalise trade unions and lower labour standards unless certain conditions were met. The results also revealed problems relating to the firm’s primary focus on “business” while neglecting “public interest” issues, naively relying on their “local retailer” to manage key stakeholders, and assuming that their perceived controversial reputation regarding treatment of trade unions and their views about unemployment as well as the controversies surrounding their history of entry into other global markets would not have the major negative impact it did on stakeholders in South Africa.

UN-BLURRING THE MYTHS AND REALITIES OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
T N Sithole ◽  
Kgothatso B Shai
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Children's Rights ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Children’S Rights ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Great Awareness ◽  
Policy Theory ◽  
Rights Of The Child ◽  
The Status ◽  
Customary Practices

Awareness of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW 1979) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC 1989) is relatively high within academic and political circles in South Africa and elsewhere around the world. In South Africa, this can be ascribed mainly to the powerful women’s lobby movements represented in government and academic sectors. Women and children’s issues have been especially highlighted in South Africa over the last few years. In this process, the aforementioned two international human rights instruments have proved very useful. There is a gender desk in each national department. The Office on the Status of Women and the Office on Child Rights have been established within the Office of the President, indicating the importance attached to these institutions. These offices are responsible for co-ordinating governmental efforts towards the promotion and protection of women and children’s rights respectively, including the two relevant treaties. Furthermore, there is also a great awareness amongst non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in respect of CEDAW and CRC. This can be ascribed mainly to the fact that there is a very strong women’s NGO lobby and NGOs are actively committed to the promotion of children’s rights. Women are increasingly vocal and active within the politics of South Africa, but the weight of customary practices remains heavy. The foregoing is evident of the widening gap between policy theory and practice in the fraternity of vulnerable groups – children and women in particular.

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