Jordan Strategy for the Collection, Treatment and Reuse of Wastwater

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. R. Arar
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Total Water ◽  
The Government ◽  
Water Strategy ◽  
High Level

Jordan is situated in an arid to semi- arid zone with low and unpredictable rainfall. The country has an exceptionally low per capita water supply at less them 200 cubic meters per annum; one of the lowest on record world wide. This situation is exacerbated by increasing demand for water resulting from rapid growth in population due in part to the arrival of refugees and displaced persons, increased urbanization. improved standard of living and the continuing demands for irrigation. The gap between total demand and water supply is estimated by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) at about 336 MCM in 2005 and this to increase to about 434 MCM in 2020. To minimize the negative impact of this shortage one of the country water strategy is to increase the water supply through maximizing the production of treated wastewater and its use for irrigation / industry and other suitable uses in order to protect the environment and to save fresh water for drinking purposes. At present 90% of the population are served by piped water and 65% by sewerage network with 22 treatment plants producing the equivalent to 10% of the total water resources. This will increase to reach, in 2020, about 18.6% of the total water resources. To ensure the implementation of the reuse projects successfully the country has created the Water Use and Environment Unit supported by the necessary legislative and institutional frame work and human resources development programme and by the establishment of the high level National Water Reuse Co-ordinating Committee, representing all those Concerned in the government agencies and the private sector.

Chihuahua: a water reuse case in the desert

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-S. Espino ◽  
C.-J. Navarro ◽  
J.-M. Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Planning Strategy ◽  
Groundwater Aquifers ◽  
The Government ◽  
Industrial Zones ◽  
The City

Water supply for all kind of uses in Chihuahua is mainly groundwater. During the last decade this city has been damaged with a heavy hydrologic crisis because of a persistent drought. This came up with the overexploitation of groundwater aquifers; therefore a deficit between demand and offer was done. To minimize this problem the government authorities have started an integral plan of optimizing hydrologic resources which considers the treatment of wastewater and the use of reclaimed water. The secondary wastewater treatment facility of the city treats about 30,000 m3/d of a wastewater with high organic contents, and produces an effluent with low concentration of suspended solids, organic matter, fats, detergents, and metals. Reclaimed water is conveyed toward strategic sites for the irrigation of great green areas in sport clubs, educational institutions and industrial zones, besides of its utilization on some manufacturing processes, road service, and also over construction industry. The potential reuse of this water goes farther from those activities; the treatment of the secondary effluent until the required levels of the water-bearing recharge criteria are met for drinking water supply is considered as the next step to achieve through a suitable planning strategy for the best integral resource advantage.

scholarly journals Modeling in Water Resources Management in East Nile Delta: Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Heba F. Abdelwahab ◽  
Elsayed M. Ramadan ◽  
Abdelazim M. Negm
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
Mathematical Optimization ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Modelling Studies

AbstractIt is acknowledged that providing a safe water supply for all countries is one of the major challenges of the twenty-first century. Egypt is one of the greatest countries affected in Africa and Middle East. The Nile is facing a major water shortage due to the limited water resources and the the demand is growing as a result high population growth and development in industrial and agricultural sectors. This paper has been motivated by the fact that there is no up-to-date literature review of the optimal operation of Water Resources. The analysis of the reviewed literature is structured along five broad branches: (1) Mathematical Optimization Modelling Studies, (2) Numerical Simulation Modelling Studies, (3) Geographical Information Systems “GIS” based Studies, (4) Ecological Studies, (5) Water Reuse Studies. This review is limited to surface water but groundwater has been inexplicitly included. The paper concludes the best way to identify knowledge to cover the gap between water supply and demands and to guide future researches on water resources planning and management.

scholarly journals Identification of Water-Reuse Potentials to Strengthen Rural Areas in Water-Scarce Regions—The Case Study of Wuwei

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 492
Author(s):  
Sonja Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
Current Water ◽  
Water Scarce

Due to water scarcity, which is worsening due to climate change, rural areas often face the challenge of rural exoduses. Limited water resources restrict local farmers as the opportunities for cultivation in the fields are reduced. This makes rural areas increasingly unattractive. To strengthen rural areas, sustainable water management with a focus on water-reuse is required. Since treated wastewater is a daily resource with calculable quantities available, reused water can contribute to the sustainable strengthening of a region. Therefore, an analysis of water-reuse potentials must be conducted to develop a water-reuse concept and thus increase the application of reused water. For this purpose, a case study of Wuwei as a rural and water-scarce region in China was chosen. By using a geoinformation system, the unfulfilled water-reuse potential can be identified by intersecting the results of the analysis regarding the current water supply and disposal situation with spatial and regional information, such as population data. Hence, the study presents the potential to increase wastewater treatment and water-reuse for, e.g., agricultural irrigation. It is shown that, in the best case, reused water can be increased from 5479 m3 per day to 207,461 m3 per day. Resource efficiency can be further increased by combining water-reuse concepts with land-use strategies adapted to climate change. This will ensure a more sustainable water supply in the future.

scholarly journals Water Supply of the Population of Ukraine: Level, Problems and Directions of its Solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Viktoria Miroshnychenko
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Economic Methods ◽  
State Of Water ◽  
Gradual Introduction ◽  
Groundwater Reserves

The article examines the level of water supply of the population of Ukraine in terms of administrative regions, considers the existing problems, and identifies ways to solve them. Regional differences in the annual water supply of the population of Ukraine per capita in terms of local and transit runoff, forecast resources and operational groundwater reserves, the size of their intake, including daily, and indicators of total water supply in the average water and low water (95 %) years. A comparison with the water supply indicators of other European countries is made. According to the indicated sources of water supply, groups of regions in which the state of water supply is critical have been identified. It is recognized as necessary when developing programs to improve water use, first of all to pay attention to areas that have not only lower indicators of total water supply, but also lower levels of operational reserves and projected groundwater resources, which should be used to meet drinking and sanitation. hygienic needs. The structure of fresh water use and pollution of water discharged together with wastewater are characterized. Particular attention is paid to the disclosure of the level of development, the dynamics of groundwater production, the structure of their use, the nature and causes of pollution. The ecological consequences and main problems caused by the natural shortage of water resources and significant regional differences in their provision, pollution of surface and groundwater and violations of the norms of their use are outlined. It is proposed, taking into account the unfavorable state of water supply in Ukraine as a whole and critical in some regions, to pay attention to the need for gradual introduction of economic methods of influence, through differentiation of prices for water supply of different quality, to water consumers and other economic entities. exploitation of water bodies, collection, preparation, transportation of water resources, which would stimulate the preservation and restoration of this valuable and unalternative natural product. JEL classіfіcatіon: Q25

Water Balance in a Refinery and Water Reuse Options: Building an Auxiliary Tool for Water Resources Management

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Nogueira ◽  
C. G. da Nave Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Cooling Towers ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Process Factor ◽  
Prevention System ◽  
Reuse Options ◽  
Water Waste

The main purpose of this study is to conduct a survey on the detailed Water Balance of Paulínia Refinery, focusing all process units so as to allow its use as data basis for the management of water resources that are consumed there in different forms (natural water, process water, for the fire prevention system, drinkable, demineralized, steam etc,). The main result shows that 61.5% of the total water collected by the refinery does not reach the effluents treatment station, that is, losses occur during the processes, mainly due to the evaporation in the cooling towers, an intrinsic process factor. Another important identified aspect refers to the relation between equipment maintenance and the consequent water waste. Once these problems are solved, it is estimated that the collection could be reduced by 6.4% and the effluents generation by 16.9%.

Climate change impacts on the hydrology of south-western Australia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Dryland Salinity ◽  
Flood Risks

<p>Climate change has profoundly affected the hydrology of south-western Australia since at least 1975. It took over a decade before the signal could be detected from annual variability. The impacts of rainfall reductions were exacerbated by higher temperatures and a decrease in wet periods when most recharge and runoff occurred. As a rule-of-thumb, runoff and recharge reduced by 3 percent for each percent reduction in rainfall.</p><p>Reductions in runoff were driven by falling groundwater levels. Stream- and dryland-salinity required levels be monitored, otherwise this driver would have gone unnoticed.</p><p>Runoff into reservoirs has almost ceased as processes irreversibly changed. Using historical records to estimate future runoff had limited application because of non-stationary processes.</p><p>While water resources have diminished, the threats posed by dryland salinity, stream salinity, flooding and waterlogging have decreased. While winter flood risks have dramatically reduced, summer flood risks appear to have increased.   </p><p>Almost all GCMs project an even drier and warmer future. Perth (population 2m) has avoided a ‘Day Zero’ by the rapid expansion of shallow- and deep-groundwater extraction, and seawater desalination. Highly treated wastewater has started to be added to augment drinking water aquifers.</p><p>Recharge under tree canopies have been most reduced. This is due to greater interception losses because showers have largely replaced heavy rain, and trees using a higher proportion of rainfall. Rainfall intensities, at least for long durations, have decreased despite the fear that higher sea surface temperatures (SST) and a warmer atmosphere will result in more intense rainfall. While SSTs have started to rise, there are complications related to El Niño– Southern Oscillation, the Indian Ocean Dipole and the warm Leeuwin Current that flows down the coast of Western Australia. This current results in much higher rainfall than would be expected and may weaken if El Niño becomes stronger and/or more frequent.  </p><p>As well as impacting water resources and rates of land degradation, climate change has affected ecosystems and industries. Abnormally hot and dry years have resulted in the deaths of trees able to withstand harsh Mediterranean summers. Wetlands have dried and groundwater-dependent ecosystems have been lost. Cereal crops are now grown in regions that used to be severely affected by soil waterlogging.  Tree plantations have become unviable due to slow wood growth and deaths.</p><p>Water restriction may have exacerbated urban heat islands as outdoor areas are irrigated less often, losing evaporative cooling. Fortunately, there are opportunities for diverting stormwater and treated wastewater to urban aquifers that provide a non-potable source of water for self-supply.</p><p>Government regulations and planning that have been set during the pre-1975 climate are struggling to keep pace with changes in understanding and future predictions. Restrictions tackling old problems are not being replaced with those needed for new issues. It is difficult to allocate water on a fixed volumetric basis when runoff and recharge are highly impacted. Society is also having to accept water reuse more quickly than is ideal.   </p><p>Lessons learned in SW Australia may be applicable to other Mediterranean climate zones.</p>

scholarly journals The status and quantification of de facto water reuse in South Africa – a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-247
Author(s):  
Umhle U. Swana ◽  
Usisipho Feleni ◽  
Tshepo J. Malefetse ◽  
Bhekie B. Mamba ◽  
Peter Schmitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Background Information ◽  
The Status ◽  
De Facto Reuse

Abstract The practice of discharging insufficiently treated wastewater to surface water used for potable use (de facto reuse) is common globally. Although de facto reuse provides a sustainable supply of water, it also affects the environment and human health negatively because the inadequately treated effluents contain contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Therefore, there is a need to determine the extent of de facto reuse in water bodies of South Africa (SA) and thus assess the potential environmental and health risks associated with the reuse of insufficiently treated wastewater in the country. This review summarizes the status of de facto reuse in SA and its negative impact on human health and the environment. Furthermore, the review provides background information on water reuse and as well as the current treatment technologies available in the country for potable water reuse. The use of a geographic information system (GIS) model in combination with caffeine (a wastewater tracer that is abundant in SA surface water systems) for the quantification of de facto reuse is also cited. Such methods, it is envisaged, will enable water management authorities to make well informed decisions regarding water quality issues in SA.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT MATURITY MODEL TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF ACTIVITY OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 439-448
Author(s):  
Oleksandra Niema
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Maturity Model ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Government Project ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level

In the conditions of growing demands of society to the government, project activities cover not only traditional industries, but also the sphere of public administration. Critically important for the success of organization is the team (rather than individual) level of knowledge, skills of staff, and a certain maturity of the organization as a whole in the field of project management. However, the project activities of local self-governments cannot be considered effective or fully compliant with the modern requirements. The level of project competence of management teams of many territorial communities is still not sufficient for the implementation of tasks and functions, the production of relevant project ideas and their successful implementation. The aim of the research is to describe of project management maturity model for its implementation into the activities of the local self-governments from the positions of effectiveness of project management. The entry of the local self-government to a high level of project management maturity will reduce the negative impact of the human factor, systematically focus activities on meeting the needs of the community on a project basis, improve the quality of project management processes, and reduce unproductive costs. Methods used – analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, logical generalization and comparison.  

scholarly journals Study on water resources optimal regulation of inter-basin water transfer project

2018 ◽  
Vol 246 ◽  
pp. 01006
Author(s):  
Jigang Ma ◽  
Haofang Wang ◽  
Libin Zhao ◽  
Song Wei
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Transfer ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Optimal Regulation ◽  
Basin Water ◽  
Water Supply And Demand ◽  
Regulation Model

Water resources optimal regulation is an important means to mitigate the shortage of water resources and promote social and economic sustainable development in regions or watershed. With the rapid development of urban population and industrial and agricultural production in recent years, the shortage of water is becoming more and more serious in Jiaodong area. The four regions with serious water shortage including Weifang, Qingdao, Yantai and Weihai in Jiaodong area are the typical research areas. In combination with the water transfer project of Yellow river to Qingdao and the south-to-north water transfer project, the water diversion is carried out to alleviate the contradiction between water supply and demand of Jiaodong area. The year of 2014 deemed as the base year and the years of 2020 and 2025 are the planning years. Based on the supply and demand analysis of water resources, an optimal regulation model is built with the minimum total water shortage considering the constraints of water supply capacity of project, water distribution capacity and minimum water supply of bleeds and so on. The optimal regulation schemes are obtained by solution model using MATLAB programming. The results show that water shortage rate of the four cities decreases significantly in annual regulation. For different planning years, guarantee rate of 50%, 75% and 95%,the total water shortage rate will be reduced by 15.35%、15.75% and 16.85% respectively in 2020, and in 2025the total water shortage rate will be reduced by 13.27%、13.26% and 14.19% respectively. Therefore the water resources optimal regulation of inter-basin water transfer project can effectively mitigate water scarcity and the contradiction between water supply and demand in Jiaodong area.

Challenges and prospectives for water recycling and reuse in EU countries

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.N. Angelakis ◽  
L. Bontoux ◽  
V. Lazarova
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Public Acceptance ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Equity Issue ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
Reuse Of Treated Wastewater

Recycled water is a reliable source of water that must be taken into account in formulating a sustainable water policy. Water reuse is a growing field and many projects have been occurring throughout Europe in the last fifteen years. Most of northern EU countries have abundant water resources. In this case, the need for extra supply through the reuse of treated wastewater is not a priority, but the protection of the receiving environment is considered as an important issue. The situation is different in the southern EU countries, where the additional resource brought by water reuse promoted the implementation of a number of new projects. One of the major constraints for water reuse and its public acceptance is the lack of relevant legislation at EU level. As a result of this situation, both strict and flexible standards can be found in Europe, even in the same country (Spain, for example), illustrating an important equity issue, which needs to be addressed.

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