An alternative approach for municipal wastewater management: Technology options for small and medium towns

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Nath ◽  
A. K. Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Human Excreta ◽  
Western Model ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Developed Countries

In India, and most other developing countries of Asia and Africa, the urban, peri-urban and rural communities suffer from serious lack of sustainable wastewater and sanitation facilities. Unlike in the developed countries, the standard practice of human excreta and wastewater disposal system (sewerage) is not functional in most urban communities. The Western model sewerage system is largely unaffordable for most communities. The problem is extremely serious and critical, in small and medium towns. The septic tank system, tried in many urban localities, also faces serious problems in operation and maintenance. This paper reviews the Indian scenario in respect of urban wastewater and sanitation management, with particular reference to the problems of small and medium towns, and describes an alternative approach for sustainable human excreta and wastewater disposal systems that could be affordable and sustainable for small and medium towns in India.

Mining wastewater management and its effects on groundwater and ecosystems

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 1481-1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Celebi ◽  
S. Özdemir
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Mining Wastewater ◽  
The Developed Countries

Large-scale mining activities have a huge impact on the environment. Determination of the size of the effect and monitoring it is vital. In this study, risk assessment studies in mining areas and the effect of mining on groundwater and ecosystems were investigated. Best management practices and risk assessment steps were determined, especially in areas with huge amounts of mining wastewater. The pollution of groundwater and its reaching humans is a risk of major importance. Our study showed, using many cases with different parameters and countries, that the management of mining wastewater is vital. Environmental impact assessments and monitoring studies must be carried out before operation and at the closure of the mine. Policies must be in place and ready to apply. Factors of climate, geology, ecology and human health must be considered over a long period. Currently, only the developed countries are applying policies and paying attention to the risk. International assessments and health risk assessments should be carried out according to international standards.

scholarly journals Alternative collection systems for decentralized wastewater management: an overview and case study of the vacuum collection system in Eretria town, Greece

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 604-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petros Gikas ◽  
Ezio Ranieri ◽  
Dimitrios Sougioultzis ◽  
Maria Farazaki ◽  
George Tchobanoglous
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
High Water ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Gravity Flow ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Septic Tank Effluent ◽  
Installation Cost ◽  
Wastewater Collection

In small and rural communities, the installation cost of conventional gravity-flow collection systems is often very expensive due to the presence of rocky terrain, high water table, unstable soils, extremely flat terrain, which may impose substantial difficulties in construction. Pressure, vacuum and septic tank effluent gravity collection systems are among the alternatives sewers used most commonly. As these systems are designed to be watertight, design allowances for infiltration and inflow are not required. Moreover, exfiltration does not occur in these systems, thus eliminating the risk for soil or underground water contamination. The installation cost of the alternative wastewater collection systems is often significantly lower by as much as 20–50%, compared to conventional gravity-flow collection systems. In general, alternative collection systems are suitable for communities of 10,000 people or less. In this paper, alternative wastewater collection systems are described and their benefits, costs and drawbacks are compared to conventional gravity-flow collection systems. Eretria, a relatively flat littoral town in Greece, with many shallow archaeological ruins has been selected to illustrate the optimal selection of a sewer system. Using multi-criteria analysis, the vacuum sewer system has been selected as being the most advantageous, both in terms of financial and technical considerations.

scholarly journals Start-up phase of a UASB-septic tank used for high strength municipal wastewater treatment in Mexico

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Santiago-Díaz ◽  
M. L. Salazar-Peláez
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Start Up

The objective of this work was to assess the performance during the start-up phase of a Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)-septic tank for municipal wastewater treatment in Mexico City. A lab scale UASB-septic tank (62 L total volume, acrylic), consisting of three chambers treated high strength municipal wastewater at ambient temperature (16 °C–24 °C), under 72 h Hydraulic retention time (HRT) during three months. Total and soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD), total biological oxygen demand (BOD5), total solids and total suspended solids (TSS) removals were 75.2 ± 6.5%, 54.8 ± 6.7%, 64.2 ± 4.8%, 25.9 ± 5% and 82.9 ± 5%, respectively. These results are comparable with the removals reported in other works with similar arrangements; and are similar even with average removals of COD, BOD and TSS in UASB reactors installed in Latin America. The good performance obtained showed that it is possible to achieve a short start-up period with UASB-septic tank if it is inoculated with anaerobic sludge. These findings also evidenced the feasibility and reliability of the UASB-septic tank system for decentralized wastewater management in Mexico.

The creation of management systems for funding priorities in wastewater project in rural communities in the Islamic Republic of Iran

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1181-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Farrokhi ◽  
M. Hajrasoliha ◽  
G. Meemari ◽  
M. Fahiminia ◽  
M. Talebi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Integrated Cost

For sustainable development an integrated cost-effective approach focused on the goal of health and environmental protection is necessary. In Iran more than 22 million people live in rural communities. A little more than 92% of the rural population in Iran have access to safe drinking water supply, but only less than 0.2% have sanitary wastewater disposal system. Groundwater is the main resource of water supply in rural communities in Iran and contaminated or untreated groundwater can be the major reason for waterborne diseases outbreak and wastewater discharge is the main cause of groundwater contamination. In new strategy in Iran's wastewater company, the importance of wastewater treatment is equal to water treatment in rural communities and the main goal in this section is providing sanitary wastewater disposal system for 8% of rural areas until 2010 and 30% until 2020. One of the most important limitations for establishment of wastewater disposal system is the limitation of governmental funds. For this reason, a national program was performed for ranking of rural communities with the goal of improving the funding effectiveness in wastewater management in rural communities. Many important criteria were considered for determination of priorities, these criteria include: population, population density, water consumption and wastewater generation, wastes disposal systems at present, environmental and health risks, agricultural and industrial wastewater, social conditions specially public participation, investment simplicity and type of living (seasonal or permanent). For collection of information about rural community, according to the criteria, a questionnaire was designed with 40 quantified questions. Questionnaires completed for all rural areas with more than 400 people population (more than 77% of rural population of the country). Completed questionnaires were analyzed with specific software for ranking of villages according to above mentioned criteria. Right now the classification of villages is available in provinces of the country from environmental and health crisis and funding points of view and we know whereabouts have priority for establishment of wastewater installations.

scholarly journals Social perspective of domestic wastewater management in Entikong Lama district

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
Ardhi Ristiawan ◽  
Purwono Purwono ◽  
Annida Unnatiq Ulya
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
Social Perspectives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Questionnaire Method

Entikong Lama is a densely populated residential area and the center of economic activity located on the riverbank. However, there was poor management of municipal wastewater that influences water quality of the river. Moreover, the river water is used by society for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing and toileting. Hence, municipal wastewater management is needed to prevent river from polluted municipal wastewater. This research is a social analysis to investigate social perspectives on wastewater management planning. This analysis is imperative to find out the social response and willingness of the society towards municipal wastewater management. The social survey was carried out using the interview and questionnaire method. This research found that about 93% of the household already had water closets (WC) and 83% already had septic tanks. The problem that occurs is that the septic tank has never been sucked up because there is no desludging service. This is due to the fact that there are no Fecal Sludge Treatment Plant (FSTP) facilities in the Entikong Lama. Later, communal Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) planning program was offered to the society. About 72% of the household agreed to the communal WWTP program and the rest refused or abstained. Even though it reached high positive response from the society, there were some considerations of the communal WWTP program:  the location of the communal WWTP, the clarity of those who manage the wastewater plant and the amount of fees charged to the society.

WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN A NIGERIAN LEPER COLONY / RAUPSAIS UŽSIKRĖTUSIŲ ŽMONIŲ KOLONIJOS NUOTEKŲ TVARKYMAS NIGERIJOJE / ПРИВЕДЕНИЕ В ПОРЯДОК СИСТЕМЫ СТОКОВ В КОЛОНИИ ЗАРАЖЕННЫХ ПРОКАЗОЙ ЛЮДЕЙ В НИГЕРИИ

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinwale O. Coker ◽  
Johnson R. Oluremi ◽  
Rebecca A. Adeshiyan ◽  
Mynepalli K. Sridhar ◽  
Morenike E. Coker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pit Latrine ◽  
Wastewater Samples

Wastewater from infected leprosy patients is expected to contain considerably higher concentrations of pathogens than standard domestic wastewater and, therefore, is more infectious. Isolation of lepers' is thought to prevent the spread of a wide range of infectious diseases that could potentially be contacted through direct or indirect exposure from an infected person's wastewater in the surrounding environment. However, inappropriate management of wastewater and sewage from these camps has led to contamination of the surrounding environment, typical in Nigeria. This study aims to recommend safe, efficient and sustainable management of wastewater and sewage in a lepers' colony in Ogbomosho, south west Nigeria. The case study is privately owned, with three camps and a leprosarium. Information and data (primary and secondary) were collected from medical personnel (doctors, matrons and nurses), management staff and lepers in each camp, through handdelivered and orally explained questionnaires and physical observations. Wastewater samples could not be collected for analysis because there were no septic tanks or drainage for sewage and wastewater disposal. Two of the camps have no sanitary disposal system, with the remaining camp occupying one pit latrine, which is inadequate in prevention of environmental pollution. The leprosarium itself uses the pit latrine as an improvised bathroom and for defecation. Therefore, a further aim of this work is to provide a sewage treatment facility to cope with the problem of unsanitary disposal of excreta. The majority of wastewater is generated from bathing, personal washing, ward clean-ups, patients' services and general house-keeping activities. The approximate quantity of water being used per head per day was found to be 64-79 litres, resulting in 60 litres of wastewater that was discharged without treatment. To ameliorate environmental risks that leper colonies are responsible for, the pour-flush toilet was recommended based on its suitability for the physical condition of lepers, its ease of operation, maintenance and sustainability, minimum water usage for flushing and low construction costs. However, this must be fed into a well designed and sited septic tank and soak-away pit to receive foul sewage and sullage, respectively. Ideally, construction of a proper in-built bathroom is recommended for both the leprosarium and camps. Santrauka Manoma, kad raupsais užsikrėtusių pacientų naudoto vandens nuotekose gali būti padidėjusi patogeninių organizmų koncentracija, palyginti su nuotekomis iš gyvenamųjų namų. Manyta, kad raupsuotųjų izoliavimas sulaikys šios infekcinės ligos plitimą didesniu mastu, nes mažiau infekuotųjų nuotekų pateks į aplinką. Vis dėlto netinkamas nuotekų tvarkymas Nigerijoje lėmė stovyklas supančios aplinkos užteršimą. Darbo tikslas–pateikti rekomendacijų, kaip saugiau, efektyviau ir tvariau sutvarkyti nuotekų valymo sistemą Ogbomosho kolonijoje pietvakarių Nigerijoje. Teikiant rekomendacijas remtasi trijų privačioje teritorijoje esančių stovyklų ir leprozoriumo pavyzdžiu. Kiekvienoje stovykloje informacija ir duomenys (pirminiai ir antriniai) buvo surinkti iš medicinos sektoriaus personalo (gydytojų, seselių), administracijos ir raupsais užsikrėtusių žmonių užpildytų anketų ar apklausus žodžiu bei apžiūrėjus fiziškai. Nuotekų mėginiai negalėjo būti paimti, nes nebuvo surinkimo tankų ar nuotekų kanalizacijos sistemos. Dvi stovyklos neturi sanitarinės šalinimo sistemos, trečioji stovykla turi vieną iškastą duobę. Tai visiškai neatitinka aplinkosauginių reikalavimų. Pačiame leprozoriume iškastos duobės naudojamos kaip improvizuoti vonios kambariai ir tualetai. Tolesnis šio darbo tikslas–numatyti valymo įrenginius, kurie padėtų įveikti šias problemas. Didėlė dalis nuotekų susidaro maudymosi, skalbimo, palatų valymo, pacientų aptarnavimo ir buities darbų metu. Apytiksliai venas žmogus per dieną sunaudoja 64–79 litrus vandens, gi nesutvarkytų nuotekų išleidžiama apie 60 litrų per dieną. Dėl raupsais užsikrėtusių žmonių kylančiam pavojui aplinkai sumažinti rekomenduota naudoti vandens nuleidimo sistemą tualetuose. Vandens nuleidimo sistemos įdiegimas yra tvarus sprendimas, nes nėra brangus, o pasiekiama, kad vandens būtų sunaudojama minimaliai. Be to, nutekamasis vanduo turi būti surenkamas tam skirtuose tankuose ir duobėse. Idealiu atveju–ir leprozoriume, ir stovyklose rekomenduotina įrengti tinkamus vonios kambarius. Резюме Считается, что в сточных водах из колоний зараженных проказой людей может быть увеличена концентрация патогенных организмов по сравнению со сточными водами из жилых домов. Ранее предполагалось, что изоляция зараженных проказой людей предотвратит распространение этой инфекционной болезни в большом масштабе благодаря уменьшению возможности попадания в окружающую среду инфицированных сточных вод. Однако изза характерной для Нигерии плохой очистки сточных вод окружающая колонию среда оказалась загрязненной. В работе приводятся рекомендации, как безопаснее и эффективнее оборудовать систему очистки сточных вод в колонии Огбомошо на юго-западе Нигерии. Рекомендации приводятся на примере трех лагерей и лепрозория, находящихся на частной территории. Информация и другие данные (первичные и вторичные) в каждом лагере были получены у медицинского персонала (врачей, старших сестер и др.), администрации и зараженных проказой людей, которые опрашивались устно, осматривались физически или заполняли розданные им анкеты опроса. Образцы сточных вод не забирались, так как не существовало танков для сбора стоков или канализационной системы. В двух лагерях не было санитарной системы для удаления стоков, в третьей была выкопана одна яма, что совершенно не удовлетворяет природоохранных требований. В самом лепрозории выкопанные ямы использовались как импровизированные ванные комнаты и туалеты. Поэтому целью работы было способствовать внедрению очистных сооружений, которые могли бы решить существующую антисанитарную проблему. Большую часть сточных вод составляет вода, загрязненная во время купания, стирки, уборки палат, обслуживания пациентов и бытовых работ. Один человек за день использует приблизительно 64–79 литров воды, в то время как за день спускается около 60 литров неочищенных отходов. Для того, чтобы снизить опасность для окружающей среды от прокаженных людей, было рекомендовано использовать систему спуска воды в туалетах в зависимости от физического состояния зараженных проказой людей, что улучшило бы возможности использования воды и приведения в порядок системы стока. Внедрение системы спуска воды является наиболее приемлемым решением, так как не требует больших материальных затрат и ограничивается минимальным количеством используемой воды. Сточная вода должна собираться в предназначенных для этого танках и ямах. В идеальном случае оборудование соответствующих ванных комнат рекомендовано как для лепрозория, так и для лагерей.

PFAS in biosolids: A review of international regulations

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Hilary Hall ◽  
Damien Moodie ◽  
Catherine Vero
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are incredibly useful additives, often providing excellent surface tension-lowering properties to a material. Due to the extensive use of PFAS in daily life in developed countries, PFAS invariably collects in municipal wastewater. Without targeted removal of PFAS at wastewater treatment plants, PFAS can move through the treatment process into both the recycled water and biosolids. The presence of PFAS in biosolids poses a potential challenging problem to society for many reasons. A small number of countries have cautiously started, or have at least considered, limiting the concentration of PFAS permitted in biosolids that are to be used for land application. Our review covers the current limits on PFAS concentrations in Australian biosolids, along with the latest developments in international regulations. We found that only Maine, USA, has set upper limits of PFAS for “beneficial use of solid wastes”. Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, Sweden and Australia have set PFAS limits in soils. No other countries were found to have PFAS limits relating to biosolids or their use; however, this also reflects the lack of industrialisation and centralised wastewater management in many parts of the world.

Community Participation: the Needed Approach To Primary and Secondary Prevention of Disability & Rehabilitation of the Disabled in Rural Communities

1983 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmadullah Mia
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Primary And Secondary Prevention ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Prevention Of Disability

[This article argues that in the social context of a country like Bangladesh where most people are rural, illiterate and conditioned by cultural prejudices about disability, and modern sophisticated health technology cannot be made available to the mass population, primary and secondary prevention of disability is to be stressed. In this connection, the scope of such preventive measures have been outlined. Further, it has been indicated that the conventional approaches to the problem of disability in the style of those prevailing in the developed countries emphasizing institutionalized care are proved inadequate or unsatisfactory in the conditions of an underdeveloped (or developing) country. The problem of disability can be greatly minimized in the under developed countries by making the masses aware of the causes of disability and by providing some basic facilities for taking early measures when any organic impairment occurs. The rural communities can be inspired and assisted to have organized efforts for prevention of disability and also for rehabilitation of many of those who are already disabled by using facilities at the local community level. The article has charted the specific activities which need to be undertaken towards these goals; and the existing infrastructure facilities which may conveniently be used in a developing country have been indicated.]

scholarly journals Integrated Wastewater Management on a County Basis

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Efficient Alternative ◽  
Treatment And Disposal ◽  
The Eu

The paper discusses a methodology for integrated municipal wastewater management. In compliance to the EU Directive 91/271, there is a legal binding to ensure that all agglomerations with populations over 2000 are provided with wastewater collecting system and adequate treatment. The conditions for optimum application of the Directive in Greece, especially in the light of the recent administrative reorganization, and the management of small rural communities not covered by the Directive are addressed, with reference to a case study application in the Achaia County. In compliance to the EU Directive 91/271, it is estimated that collecting systems and treatment should expand to at least 70% of the total population. However, due to the expanding touristic activity, the limited availability of land, environmental considerations, and favorable population characteristics (high density, relatively large communities) and morphological and socioeconomical conditions, it is proposed that coverage can reach to 85% of the total population. As for the rest of the County population (15%), decentralized on site wastewater treatment and disposal schemes were proved to be the most technically effective and economically efficient alternative.

How to Assure Stable Development in Unstable Financial Environment?

2007 ◽  
pp. 4-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ershov
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Market Liquidity ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Russian Stock Market ◽  
Stable Development ◽  
Financial Environment

Growing involvement of Russian economy in international economic sphere increases the role of external risks. Financial problems which the developed countries are encountered with today result in volatility of Russian stock market, liquidity problems for banks, unstable prices. These factors in total may put longer-term prospects of economic growth in jeopardy. Monetary, foreign exchange and stock market mechanisms become the centerpiece of economic policy approaches which should provide for stable development in the shaky environment.

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