Evaluation of environmental pollution effects on domestic roof-harvested rainwater in Southern part of Nigeria using impact indices

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Akintola ◽  
A. Y. Sangodoyin ◽  
F. O. Agunbiade
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Metal Transfer ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Pollution Effects ◽  
Background Rate ◽  
Gas Flaring ◽  
Roof Material ◽  
Long Span ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Factor Transfer

The effects of environmental factors, roof materials and age of roof on some metals usually found in Domestic Roof-Harvested Rainwater (DRHRW) from southern Nigeria were investigated. Samples were collected in Ibadan (residential), Lagos (industrial) and Port-Harcourt (gas-flaring). Four roof types (corrugated-iron-sheet, long-span-aluminium, asbestos and step-tiles) and three ages of roof (<5, 5–10 and >10 years in service conditions) were considered. Sample preparations, handling and analysis were carried out using standard procedures. Enrichment-Factor, Transfer-Factor and Pollution-Load-Index were estimated to identify roof polluting severity, rate of transfer of each metal detected into the DRHRW as well as atmospheric contribution to the overall pollution effects observed. Metal enrichment was generally low indicating low metal transfer into DRHRW from the sites. Occasional moderate enrichment was recorded for Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca and Mg suggesting their natural presence in the environment. Extremely high enrichment observed for Pb and Cd in industrial and gas-flaring rainwater samples as compared with residential indicated that metal contaminations in these locations are higher compared to residential samples which serve as background. Rate of metal transfer from roof material to rainwater was generally low. Thus, the possible source of the metal contaminants found in DRHRW in the areas investigated was the atmosphere. Mean Pollution-Load-Index of 0.95, 0.99 and 1.06 for rainwater samples in Ibadan, Lagos and Port-Harcourt areas respectively suggested higher pollution load in gas-flaring than residential and industrial regions. Pollution-Load-Index applied to age and roof-type indicated that long-span-aluminium and asbestos roofs that are less than 5 years could contaminate rainwater.

scholarly journals Impact of sludge and wastewater on Lactuca sativa L. growth and on soil pollution

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-161
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Treated Municipal Wastewater

<div> <p>Two greenhouse pot experiments were conducted in Agrinion, Greece. The impact of treated municipal wastewater (TMWW) and sludge (i) on the growth of <em>Lactuca sativa</em> L. var Longifolia (lettuce) and (ii) on the extent of soil pollution with heavy metals was studied. Soil pollution was assessed by calculating the Pollution Load Index (PLI). Both of these experiments were conducted, using a randomized block design in four replications and seven treatments, respectively, as follows: (a) Experiment A: study of the effect of treated municipal wastewater (TMWW): [Control, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%, (100%+30 t/ha Sludge)] and (b) Experiment B: Study of the effect of sludge (t/ha): 0, &nbsp;6, 12,&nbsp; 18, 24 , 30, (30+100%TMWW). The sludge affected significantly plant height and fresh and dry matter yield, as well as the dry matter N content of plants, while the TMWW affected significantly the dry matter yield and non-significantly the plant height. The pollution load index (PLI) was non-significant for both treatments (sludge and TMWW). According to PLI calibration scale, the soil was found to be slightly polluted with heavy metals under both treatments.</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p>

scholarly journals DISTRIBUTION AND PREDICTION ON HEAVY METALS POLLUTION LEVEL (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni) IN SEDIMENT IN BANGKA ISLAND WATERS USING LOAD POLLUTION INDEX AND GEOACCUMULATION INDEX

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fasmi Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Marine Organism ◽  
Geoaccumulation Index ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Guideline Values

<p>Bangka Island is rich in natural resources particularly tin minerals. The increasing of tin mining has elevated various wastes such as tailings, oil, and fuel coming from the sand scraper tin boat. These wastes containing toxic heavy metals may harmful to marine organism. Measurement of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni were carried out in September 2010. The purpose of this research was to predict the pollution degree of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni in sediment using two different methods namely geoaccumulation index (I_geo) and pollution load index (PLI). The samples of sediments were collected at 20 stations using Gravity Core. The content of heavy metals in all samples was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with a mixture of air and acetylene flame. The results showed that there was a different of prediction on sediment pollution level between Load Pollution Index with Geoaccumulation Index. According to Load Pollution Index, sediments in this waters were not polluted by Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni (PLI&lt;1). Based on Geoaccumulation Index, sediment were also not polluted by Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ni (Igeo&lt;0). While for Cd, sediments divided into three categories, namely not polluted (Igeo&lt;0), light polluted (0&lt;Igeo&lt;1), and medium pollued (1&lt;Igeo&lt;2).  The concentration of the heavy metals still lower than that sediment quality guideline values.</p> <p>Keywords: Bangka Island, heavy metals, geoaccumulation index, pollution load index.</p>

scholarly journals Source Apportionment of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Around a Urea Fertilizer Factory and Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Human Health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirin Akter ◽  
Mohammad Obidur Rahman ◽  
Mehedi Hasan ◽  
Saiful Islam Tushar ◽  
Mottalib Hossain Sarkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk Assessment ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The mean concentrations of heavy metals viz: K, Ca, Mg, Ti, Fe, Co, Cu, As, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Pb and Th were measured in soil samples using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technique and sampling sites as a whole were found highly contaminated by Zn, considerably contaminated by Mg and Pb, while moderately contaminated by Fe, Co, Cu, Rb, Sr, As, Rb, Y, Th. The sampling sites are moderate to strongly polluted by heavy metals according to Enrichment factors value, whereas, Pollution Load Index values for 95% of the sample sites were ≥ 1.5, indicating deterioration of soil quality. Potential Ecological risk (RI) value followed the increasing sequence of Pb > As > Co > Zn > Cu. Non-carcinogenic exposure found higher in children compared to adults,however carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that both groups (adult and children) lied within Grade II category (10− 5 to 10− 6) and considered to be at no risk.

scholarly journals The content of copper and heavy metals in the multilayer soil mud from the Buchim lake under the Buchim mine's waste dump, Republic North Macedonia

Tehnika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-304
Author(s):  
Todor Serafimovski ◽  
Goran Tasev ◽  
Trajce Stafilov
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Porphyry Copper ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Target Value ◽  
Standard Values ◽  
Almost All

The intense mineral extraction in mining areas during the last several decades has produced a large amount of waste material and tailings, which release toxic elements to the environment. The aim of the study was to determine in two vertical profiles/sections (1 and 2) the heavy metal contents of samples derived from six samples, three from each section located in the porphyry copper mine Buchim area, Republic North Macedonia. The results have been compared to new Dutchlist (DL) and Kabata-Pendias (KP) standards and the following was concluded: As values ranged 14.985÷60.131 mg kg-1 with 4 samples above the target value of the DL (29 mg kg-1 As) and 6 above standard values given in KP value (5 mg kg-1 As), in that context Co values ranged 11 ÷57 mg kg-1 with 6 values above the target value of the DL (9 mg kg-1 Co) and 5 above standard values given in KP value (12 mg kg-1 Co), Cr with range 29.32÷75.76 mg kg-1 with 6 over KP value (10 mg kg-1 Cr) and none above the target value of the DL (100 mg kg-1 Cr), Cu with range 2694÷6749 mg kg-1 with 6 samples above the target value of the DL (36 mg kg-1 Cu) and 6 above standard values given in KP value (20 mg kg-1 Cu), Ni with range 59.57÷105.98 mg kg-1 with 6 samples above the target value of the DL (35 mg kg-1 Ni) and 6 above standard values given in KP value (20 mg kg-1 Ni), Pb with range 27.06 ÷96.08 mg kg-1 with 1 sample above the target value of the DL (85 mg kg-1Pb) and 6 above standard values given in KP value (25 mg kg-1Pb), Zn with range 147÷273 mg kg-1 with 6 over target value of the DL (140 mg kg-1 Zn) and 6 above standard KP value (64 mg kg-1 Zn), V with range 34.44÷92.57 mg kg-1 with 5 over target value of the DL (42 mg kg-1 V) and one above KP value (90 mg kg-1 V).In order to compare the level of contamination, the contamination factor (𝐶𝑓 𝑖 ), degree of contamination (Cd), and pollution load index (PLI) were computed. Serious numbers were found for Cu, as, Zn, Co and Ni, which exceeded standard values at almost all samples from both vertical sections. Compared from section 1 and section 2, pollution load index increased by 13.43%, which in almost all samples was classified as heavily polluted to extremely polluted. The fact that mining activities at the Buchim Mine last for almost 40 years, the presence of heavy metals in soils at a serious level is understandable. The high level of contamination is a result of heavy metal persistence and non-biodegradability.

scholarly journals Pollution, Sources and Human Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Different Land Use Types under the Background of Industrial Cities

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 2121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Xia ◽  
Jiquan Zhang ◽  
Yanan Chen ◽  
Qing Ma ◽  
Jingyao Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Industrial Land ◽  
Industrial Cities ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Accumulation Index

Residents in industrial cities may be exposed to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil that increase chronic disease risks. In this study, six types of PTEs (Zn, As, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb) in 112 surface soil samples from three land use types—industrial land, residential land, and farmland—in Tonghua City, Jilin Province were measured. The geological accumulation index and pollution load index were calculated to assess the pollution level of metal. Meanwhile, the potential ecological risk index, hazard index, and carcinogenic risk were calculated to assess the environmental risks. The spatial distribution map was determined by the ordinary kriging method, and the sources of PTEs were identified by factor analysis and cluster analysis. The average concentrations of Zn, As, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb were 266.57, 15.72, 72.41, 15.04, 20.52, and 16.30 mg/kg, respectively. The results of the geological accumulation index demonstrated the following: Zn pollution was present in all three land use types, As pollution in industrial land cannot be neglected, Cr pollution in farmland was higher than that in the other two land use types. The pollution load index decreased in the order of industrial land > farmland > residential land. Multivariate statistical analysis divided the six PTEs into three groups by source: Zn and As both originated from industrial activities; vehicle emissions were the main source of Pb; and Ni and Cu were derived from natural parent materials. Meanwhile, Cr was found to come from a mixture of artificial and natural sources. The soil environment in the study area faced ecological risk from moderate pollution levels mainly contributed by As. PTEs did not pose a non-carcinogenic risk to humans; however, residents of the three land use types all faced estimated carcinogenic risks caused by Cr, and As in industrial land also posed high estimated carcinogenic risk to human health. The conclusion of this article provides corresponding data support to the government’s policy formulation of remediating different types of land and preventing exposure and related environmental risks.

Interrelationships of pollution load index, transfer factor, and concentration factor under the effect of sludge

2012 ◽  
Vol 185 (6) ◽  
pp. 5231-5242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Ntzala ◽  
Prodromos H. Koukoulakis ◽  
Aristotelis H. Papadopoulos ◽  
Michalis Leotsinidis ◽  
Eleni Sazakli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Factor ◽  
Concentration Factor ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Pollution Load

scholarly journals Human health risk assessment through the comparative analysis of diverse irrigation regimes for Luffa (Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafar Iqbal Khan ◽  
Ilker Ugulu ◽  
Shagufta Sahira ◽  
Naunain Mehmood ◽  
Kafeel Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Trace Metal ◽  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Luffa Cylindrica ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Metal Levels

Abstract In the present study, the effects of untreated wastewater and associated health risks were assessed in an abundantly consumed vegetable, Luffa cylindrica. In this direction, trace metal accumulations in L. cylindrica samples irrigated with three different water regimes (municipal wastewater, groundwater, and canal water) were determined. The metal levels were defined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a graphite furnace and D2 corrector. Trace metal concentrations in L. cylindrica samples were in the range of 7.91–9.01, 3.78–4.22, 0.54–0.63, 39.18–43.27, 15.76–20.82, 29.04–42.49, 6.96–8.24, 5.85–7.72, 4.06–4.39 and 0.18–0.42 mg/kg for Mo, As, Se, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd and Co, respectively. The health risk index values of As, Cd, Pb, Mo, Ni, Se and Co; and pollution load index values of As, Mo, Ni, Cu, Cd and Pb were high, indicating possible phytotoxicity. As had the highest value for the pollution load index suggesting high-risk levels. High levels of some metals could be an alarm call for consumers as the vegetable is irrigated with untreated wastewater.

scholarly journals Potential risk assessment and spatial distribution of elemental concentrations in sediment

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. Ediagbonya ◽  
O. T. Balogun
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Physiochemical Parameters ◽  
High Level ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract Sediments are carrier and a sink of elements in the hydrological cycle. Monitoring of contaminated soil and sediment with metallic elements is of interest due to their influence on groundwater, surface water, plants, animals and humans. In this study, different sediment samples from five various places were taken, and the elemental concentration along with some physiochemical parameters were determined. The elemental concentrations were determined with proton-induced X-ray emission, while the physiochemical parameters were determined using a conductivity meter, pH meter and thermometer. This study showed that silicon had highest mean concentration and lead had the lowest mean concentration. Cadmium had the highest contamination values in all the locations. Okitipupa had the highest pollution load index, and the lowest pollution index was recorded in Irele. The overall risk index (RI) in all the locations in the sediment indicated very high ecological risk index. Pollution load index (PLI) also categorized ecological risk which ranged from 8.812 to 28.42. Mean PLI value (17.7) recorded in this study was far higher than the threshold (< 1), indicating the presence of heavy pollutant levels. Such high-level PLI values signified danger and measures are needed in order to reduce the sources of pollutants in the sediment. From enrichment value and Igeo-accumulation values, Sn was severely polluted. Si, Zr, Ag and Cd were extremely polluted. The physiochemical parameters correlated with the elemental concentrations both negatively and positively.

scholarly journals Lead and Cadmium Levels in Residential Soils of Lagos and Ibadan, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (13) ◽  
pp. 42-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adebola A. Adeyi ◽  
Babafemi A. Babalola
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Lead And Cadmium

Background. Lead and cadmium are components of paints sold in Nigeria. These heavy metals are associated with adverse neurological, cardiovascular and other human health effects. Objectives. This study assesses the levels of lead and cadmium in topsoil of residential areas in Lagos and Ibadan potentially resulting from painting of buildings. Methods. Samples were pre-treated prior to metal determination using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Metal speciation was determined using modified Tessier sequential extraction. Soil characteristics were determined by standard methods. Soil contamination was assessed using contamination factor, geo-accumulation and pollution load indices. The United States Environmental Protection Agency integrated exposure uptake biokinetic (IEUBK) model was used to estimate and predict children's blood lead levels (BLL). Results. Lead and cadmium concentrations in residential areas in Lagos and Ibadan ranged from 1.56–419 mg/kg and not detected–2.8 mg/kg, respectively. Metal contamination factor and pollution load index were highest at the Lagos low income settlement. Results of IEUBK modelling showed that the Lagos low income settlement had the highest probability density for children between 1–7 years of age with an estimated BLL of &gt;10 μg/dL. This population made up less than 0.01% of those within this age range. Conclusions. Lead and cadmium concentrations in soil around the residential buildings were higher than those in the control sample. Contamination factor and pollution load index showed significant contamination in average and low income settlements. These results suggested that there was accumulation of the metals in the soil, which can persist in the environment. This may pose serious health risks, especially to vulnerable groups such as children. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

scholarly journals Spatial Variability of Heavy Metals in Surface Water and Sediment in the Kolo Creek Water Body in the Niger Delta of Nigeria and Geochemical Factors that Influence their Interactions Using Geo-accumulation Index

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Abinotami Williams Ebuete ◽  
Andy Etta Bisong ◽  
Okereke Chukuma ◽  
Lucky E. Ndiwari ◽  
Ibim Yarwamara Ebuete
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Accumulation Index ◽  
Geochemical Factors ◽  
Geo Accumulation Index ◽  
Geo Accumulation

The Kolo Creek is an inland water body in the Niger Delta receiving organic and chemical wastes arising from anthropogenic activities within the catchment area. This study was therefore carried out to investigate the spatial variabilities of heavy metals in surface and sediment and their geochemical factors that influence their presence along the Kolo Creek in 2018 using Geo-accumulation index and pollution load index to extrapolate the level of heavy metal contraction in the two medium. Sediment and Water samples were collected for five (5) months and assessed from eight sampling points (A-h) for seven (7) heavy metals such as  Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Iron(Fe), Camium (Cd), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni) and Mercury (Hg). All the heavy metals had geo-accumulation indices below zero which indicates no pollution except Fe which had geo-accumulation index in the range 3.327 in surface water and 7.751 in sediment, furthermore, the pollution load index revealed a toxicity of 0.664 times in surface water as against 1.501 times in sediment exceeding the background concentration in the Kolo Creek. Hence, poor ecological ethics and culture should be discouraged to keep the Kolo Creek water under check for safe domestic water use.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document