scholarly journals Status of springs in mountain watershed of western Nepal

Water Policy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanot Adhikari ◽  
Anup Gurung ◽  
Raju Chauhan ◽  
Deepak Rijal ◽  
Bhawani S. Dongol ◽  
...  

Abstract The study, conducted in western hilly areas of Nepal, inventoried and mapped over 4,222 springs from five different watersheds. The study showed that more than 50% of the spring sources were found under natural conditions, i.e., open spring whereas 15% of them were of pond type. Similarly, the other 15% spring was recorded as a concrete structure or tank while 1% was determined to be a well. Attempts were made to identify if a change in water discharge from springs relates to rainfall patterns. The inter-annual variability analysis shows a significant fluctuation suggesting variation in water discharge across spring sources. The lowest amount of yearly rainfall received in the river basin is governed by decreasing water flow from the springs in the upper and mid-hills of Nepal. Besides, the intra-annual variation (i.e., seasonal and concentrative nature of rainfall only during monsoon) leads to shortage of drinking water and other domestic purposes (e.g., cooking, cleaning) during the dry months of the year. This study, based on the estimation of discharge flow in these springs, revealed that about 70% were decreasing and, in particular, the flow over the recent ten years decreased significantly.

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-398

The occurrence of trihalomethanes (THMs) was studied in the drinking water samples from urban water supply network of Karachi city that served more than 18 million people. Drinking water samples were collected from 58 locations in summer (May-August) and winter (November-February) seasons. The major constituent of THMs detected was chloroform in winter (92.34%) and summer (93.07%), while the other THMs determined at lower concentrations. Summer and winter concentrations of total THMs at places exceed the levels regulated by UEPA (80 μg l-1) and WHO (100 μg l-1). GIS linked temporal variability in two seasons showed significantly higher median concentration (2.5%-23.06%) of THMs compared to winter.


2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
A.P. Wyn-Jones ◽  
J. Watkins ◽  
C. Francis ◽  
M. Laverick ◽  
J. Sellwood

Two rural spring drinking water supplies were studied for their enteric virus levels. In one, serving about 30 dwellings, the water was chlorinated before distribution; in the other, which served a dairy and six dwellings the water was not treated. Samples of treated (40 l) and untreated (20 l) water were taken under normal and heavy rainfall conditions over a six weeks period and concentrated by adsorption/elution and organic flocculation. Infectious enterovirus in concentrates was detected in liquid culture and enumerated by plaque assay, both in BGM cells, and concentrates were also analysed by RT-PCR. Viruses were found in both raw water supplies. Rural supplies need to be analysed for viruses as well as bacterial and protozoan pathogens if the full microbial hazard is to be determined.


1928 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 945-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Jones ◽  
Ralph B. Little

The clinical and bacteriological findings in two cows the udders of which became infected under natural conditions with hemolytic streptococci of the scarlet fever type are discussed. One of the cows was found in a herd supplying raw milk to a small town where a milkborne outbreak of scarlet fever had occurred a short time before. When small numbers of the streptococcus obtained from this case were injected into the udder of a normal cow severe mastitis accompanied by a well marked general reaction resulted. Evidence leads to the conclusion that a severe attack of mastitis due to this organism in one quarter does not sufficiently immunize the other quarters to protect them completely since the streptococcus can be readily implanted in them. The secondary infections were much milder than the original process.


2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Johanna Maria Rotinsulu ◽  
Sosilawaty Sosilawaty ◽  
Yanarita Yanarita

South Barito is an area of rattan and rattan production center of the province of Central Kalimantan, on the other hand is one area that has natural conditions very conducive to the development of rattan. This study reveals how patterns in addition to planting and processing of rattan traditionally also analyze the socio-economic level of society. Research conducted in South Barito regency, District Karau in Two Villages is Bangkuang and New Salat. The village of the second sample is determined gardens and population are farmers who cultivate cane with sampling methods by simple random sampling, because the peasant population is homogeneous, the number of samples in each village 34 respondents or 68 farmers overall. The result showed that in general the rattan garden where the studies were not well-maintained, where the average of respondents (45%) said that maintenance is only performed at the time of going to the harvesting or one for rattan planting. Besides the low price of rattan is led to a reduction of land management / rattan gardens intensively. and production of rattan average yield of 2.6 tons ha-1 or 245.5 clumps of cane ha-1. For the villagers of business administration studies despite conditions that are considered less favorable, but they still look forward to the Government's policy to remain aligned to the Farmers Rattan. In addition, because cane is inherited and used as a hallmark of South Barito society in general.Barito Selatan merupakan daerah penghasil rotan dan sentra produksi rotan provinsi Kalimantan Tengah, selain itu merupakan salah satu wilayah yang memiliki kondisi alam yang sangat mendukung bagi perkembangan rotan. Penelitian ini selain untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana pola tanam dan pengolahan rotan secara tradisional juga  menganalisis tingkat sosial ekonomi masyarakat. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Barito Selatan, Kecamatan Karau di Dua Desa yaitu Bangkuang dan Salat Baru. Dari kedua Desa tersebut ditentukan kebun sampel dan populasi masyarakat  yaitu  petani yang mengusahakan rotan dengan metode pengambilan sampel secara simple random sampling, karena populasi petani bersifat homogen, jumlah sampel di masing-masing desa 34 responden atau keseluruhan 68 petani. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa pada umumnya kebun rotan di tempat penelitian tersebut tidak terpelihara dengan baik, dimana rata-rata responden (45%) menyebutkan bahwa pemeliharaan hanya dilakukan pada saat akan dilakukan pemanenan atau satu kali selama rotan itu di tanam. Selain itu rendahnya  harga  rotan  sangat  berdampak pada berkurangnya pengelolaan lahan/kebun rotan secara intensif. dan hasil produksi rotan rata-rata diperoleh 2,6 ton ha-1 atau 245,5 rumpun rotan ha-1. Bagi masyarakat Desa studi walaupun kondisi tataniaga yang dianggap kurang menguntungkan, namun mereka masih berharap kebijakan Pemerintah tetap berpihak kepada Petani Rotan. Di samping itu  karena pada umumnya rotan merupakan warisan dan digunakan sebagai ciri khas masyarakat Barito Selatan.


2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
B. BOUYIOUKLIS (Π. ΜΠΟΥΓΙΟΥΚΛΗΣ) ◽  
S. LEKKAS (Σ. ΛΕΚΚΑΣ) ◽  
I. GEORGOPOULOU (Ι. ΓΕΩΡΓΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) ◽  
P. IORDANIDIS (Π. ΙΟΡΔΑΝΙΔΗΣ)

For the evaluation of the best vaccination regimen against Gumboro disease using the vaccine strain D-78, based on the histopathologic lesions of bursa of Fabricius, 5 groups of experimental animals (A, B, C, D, E) of 15 chicks each were used. The chicks of group Β received the D-78 vaccine strain with the drinking water at the age of 14 days, those of C at the age of 8 and 11 days, and those of D at the age of 8 and 16 days, while the chicks of the other groups (A and E) remained unvaccinated. In the following, the chicks of the A, B, C and D groups were infected with a field strain of Gumboro disease virus, while those of E remained unvaccinated and uninfected as a control group. After 10 days, all chicks were killed and their bursae examined histological. It was established that the histopathologic lesions to the bursae of group C chicks were of a slighter degree than those of all the other challenged groups and therefore the protection to bursa of Fabricius against the disease is better with this vaccination regimen.


2011 ◽  
Vol 268-270 ◽  
pp. 446-449
Author(s):  
Ming Hu

In this paper, it is aimed at the agricultural soil after harvest in WeiNan and its surrounding countries, researching the importance of the iron element in soil, animals and plants. organic substance content low, and the iron content also generally low. It can be broadly ranked as following: Pucheng > Fuping > Hancheng > Dali > Tongguan . The distribution of iron content of agricultural soil over the Weinna area, that is to say, is the East south low and increasing from the Eastsouth (Tongguan) to the other neighboring countries. And to some extent there minimum and maximum in each county. Natural conditions and human factors contributed to the differences in soil iron content and distribution.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. e245130
Author(s):  
Kushali Patel ◽  
John Flaherty

Mycobacterium arupense is a member of the Mycobacterium terrae complex (MTC) that is implicated in bone and joint infections, among others. This group of environmental pathogens can be found in soil, reclaimed and drinking water systems, rodents, fish tanks and bioaerosols in duck houses. Interestingly, while M. arupense is genotypically closely related to the other agents in the MTC, antibiotic susceptibility of these mycobacteria can vary widely and empiric antibiotic therapy is controversial. Our case report contributes to the very limited literature on M. arupense tenosynovitis—as only six cases have been reported since 2008—and sheds light on different courses of treatment. While previous cases have been successfully treated, a streamlined course of therapy for M. arupense tenosynovitis is still needed.


1985 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 300-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhide Satow ◽  
Okitsugu Watanabe

Characteristics of annual net accumulation were studied in time and space in Mizuho Plateau, Antarctica. Annual variation of net accumulation was obtained from 1914 to 1981 from the analysis of a 30 m core bored in a high accumulation zone. Power spectral analysis of the annual accumulations shows two predominant periodicities, one of 45 years, and the other of 18 years. Inland, with small accumulation and strong temperature gradient at the surface, developments of depth hoar and the metamorphism of oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) profile of snow take place near the snow surface. From experimental results, the authors propose some models of the metamorphism of δ18O profile of snow with temperature gradient. These models can be divided into two groups: one where a cap, such as an ice crust, is present, and the other without.


2020 ◽  
Vol 191 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-227
Author(s):  
Monika Müllerová ◽  
Karol Holý ◽  
Jozef Masarik

Abstract This case study provides a view of the behavior of radon in an uninhabited house, the likes of which were built in thousands in Slovakia between 1950 and 1990. In one room of the house that was in contact with the subsoil, an average annual radon activity concentration (RAC) as high as 1088 Bq m−3 was found. A high radon supply to this room from the subsoil was identified in the corner of the room, and this correlated very well with the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air. In this room, an atypical annual variation of RAC was found, with a maximum in September (1600 Bq m−3). In the other rooms on the ground floor, RACs at the level of 400–500 Bq m−3 were detected. In the rooms on the first floor, RACs of up to ~200 Bq m−3 were found.


2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Echigo ◽  
S. Itoh ◽  
T. Natsui ◽  
T. Araki ◽  
R. Ando

The activity inducing chromosomal aberrations of the mixture of brominated disinfection by-products (DBPs) was approximately three times higher than that of the chlorinated counterparts for the same hypohalous acid dose. With the combination of chromosomal aberration test and a new analytical technique to differentiate total organic chlorine (TOCl) and total organic bromine (TOBr), it was found that TOBr was correlated to the mutagenicity of chlorinated waters. It was also implied that for a bromide-to-TOC ratio of 0.1 (mg/mg C), brominated DBPs could account for at least 29% of the total toxicity of DBPs formed during chlorination. On the other hand, bromate ion, a major ozonation DBP, was not a major contributor to the activity inducing chromosomal aberrations of the water treated with an ozone/chlorine sequential process. Therefore, ozonation is one possible option to reduce the health risk caused by DBPs even in the presence of bromide.


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