Public water supply and sanitation policies and inclusive development of the urban poor in Brazil

Water Policy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-367
Author(s):  
Raquel dos Santos ◽  
Joyeeta Gupta ◽  
Nicky R. M. Pouw ◽  
Klaas Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Policy Discourse ◽  
Design Assessment ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Abstract Poorly designed policies jeopardise ecosystems and their services and the expansion of basic services to vulnerable populations. In the water and sanitation (WatSan) sector, inadequate access of the urban poor to formal and public drinking water supply and sanitation services (WSS) calls for more inclusive policies. Inclusive development (ID) has social, environmental and relational dimensions. However, there is little research on operationalising ID dimensions in WatSan policy discourse analysis. Hence, this paper addresses: How can we elaborate on indicators for inclusive WatSan policies? How can these be applied to assess the design of Brazilian WatSan policies? It examines the literature on ID and WatSan, develops and applies an analytical framework with six indicators to assess ID in WSS through policy analysis: access to minimum WSS; access to WSS even if the urban poor do not have formal housing; domestic wastewater collection/treatment; water availability; participation; and WSS subsidies for low-income people. Comparison between two Brazilian WatSan policies shows that the current WatSan law scores higher on ID than the previous law but neglects key aspects of social, environmental and relational ID dimensions. The selected indicators were useful to operationalise ID in WatSan policy discourse analysis and can boost policy design assessment elsewhere.

Water supply and sanitation planning model: a management tool for large Brazilian cities

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 469-476
Author(s):  
S.R.A. Soares ◽  
R.S. Bernardes
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Modeling Approach ◽  
Developing Cities ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Water And Wastewater ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

The sanitary problems promoted by the rapid urbanization process in developing cities are usually resulted from the absence of planning, high population concentration and inadequate water and wastewater infrastructure for low income people. Because the provision and planning of water supply and is a complex task, a modeling approach was used to enhance the understanding of the process and the aspects involved. In the development of a model, not only the technical aspects were taken into account, but other aspects related to the provision of drinking water and the water resources protection were also analyzed, such as institutional, financial, socioeconomic, environmental and public health. In the modeling process two different methods of conceptualization were used to describe the urban water flow through the water and wastewater systems linked to various aspects related to their implementation in large developing cities. The urban water systems of five large metropolitan areas in Brazil were also evaluated for the complete model. It is expected that the modeling approach developed in this paper consists of a valuable methodology for water supply and sanitation planning in Brazilian cities, and other developing cities with the same characteristics. The suggested conceptual model could, at least, provide more than a starting point for a useful urban water management tool.

Improving access to water supply and sanitation in urban India: microfinance for water and sanitation infrastructure development

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 887-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Davis ◽  
Gary White ◽  
Said Damodaron ◽  
Rich Thorsten
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Water And Sanitation Infrastructure ◽  
Sanitation Infrastructure ◽  
The City ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

This article summarises initial findings of a study to explore the potential of providing micro-financing for low-income households wishing to invest in improved water supply and sanitation services. Through in-depth interviews with more than 800 households in the city of Hyderabad in India, we conclude that, even if provided with market (not concessional) rates of financing, a substantial proportion of poor households would invest in water and sewer network connections.

scholarly journals WASH conditions in a small town in Uganda: how safe are on-site facilities?

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Nayebare ◽  
M. M. Owor ◽  
R. Kulabako ◽  
L. C. Campos ◽  
E. Fottrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Point Mapping ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
Site Water ◽  
Joint Monitoring ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Abstract Inadequate hygiene coupled with the conjunctive use of the shallow subsurface as both a source of water and repository of faecal matter pose substantial risks to human health in low-income countries undergoing rapid urbanisation. To evaluate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) conditions in a small, rapidly growing town in central Uganda (Lukaya) served primarily by on-site water supply and sanitation facilities, water-point mapping, focus group discussions, sanitary-risk inspections and 386 household surveys were conducted. Household surveys indicate high awareness (82%) of domestic hygiene (e.g. handwashing, boiling water) but limited evidence of practice. WHO Sanitary Risk Surveys and Rapid Participatory Sanitation System Risk Assessments reveal further that community hygiene around water points and sanitation facilities including their maintenance is commonly inadequate. Spot sampling of groundwater quality shows widespread faecal contamination indicated by enumerated thermo-tolerant coliforms (TTCs) (Escherichia coli) ranging from 0 to 104 cfc/100 mL and nitrate concentrations that occasionally exceed 250 mg/L. As defined by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring programme, there are no safely managed water sources in Lukaya; ∼55% of improved water sources comprising primarily shallow hand-dug wells show gross faecal contamination by E. coli; and 51% of on-site sanitation facilities are unimproved. Despite the critical importance of on-site water supply and sanitation facilities in low-income countries to the realisation of UN Sustainable Goal 6 (access to safe water and sanitation for all by 2030), the analysis highlights the fragility and vulnerability of these systems where current monitoring and maintenance of communal facilities are commonly inadequate.

Beyond the Decade: A Framework for Global Cooperation

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 211-213
Author(s):  
Alexander H. Rotival
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
External Support ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD) was launched by the General Assembly of the United Nations in November 1980 with the goal “to provide all people with water of safe quality and adequate quantity and basic sanitary facilities by 1990”. The World Bank estimates that despite the efforts during the Decade less than 50 percent of developing country populations have access to adequate water supplies and only 20 percent to adequate sanitation facilities. Major factors for the situation are the continuing population explosion and the economic stagnation of developing countries. Qualitative breakthroughs have been made however, through (i) improved coordination for sector inputs at the global and country levels, (ii) systematic formulation of country strategies, (iii) rationalization of the management of the sector, and most significantly through (iv) community involvement and (v) the adoption of low-cost sustainable and replicable technologies. The UNDP/World Bank Programme and the UNDP/WHO Decade Programmes have played a catalytic role in developing activities in these five areas. To maintain Decade momentum beyond 1990 and to accelerate the provision of water supply and sanitation services to all, with emphasis on the unserved rural and peri-urban poor, by using a coordinated programme “Decade” approach, a Framework for Global Cooperation has been established. A series of meetings of a Collaborative Council of External Support Agencies (ESAs) is involved, leading to a global consultation in India in 1990 for all developing countries to define and achieve consensus on a water and sanitation sector strategy for “Beyond the Decade”.

scholarly journals Reporting aid flows for water supply and sanitation: official development assistance

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cotton
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
Official Development Assistance ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Water Sector ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Current Resource ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Current resource allocations for water supply and sanitation are far below those required to meet basic needs, particularly in low-income countries. Many organisations supporting advocacy and arguing for change make use of the primary statistical data for Official Development Assistance (ODA) which measures donor aid flows to the sector. From 2010 onwards important changes have taken place to the way ODA is reported including disaggregation between aid flows for water supply and aid flows for sanitation. This paper reports findings from a consultative group regarding issues requiring clarification for the revised codes to be applied consistently. These include: disaggregation of water and sanitation from within integrated water sector projects; disaggregation of water and sanitation components from projects in other sectors; clarity on working definitions of ‘large and basic’ when reporting water and sanitation projects; capacity development that directly supports implementation; and recording the transition from projects to programme-based aid. Case studies drawn from donors' reporting of ODA are used to illustrate key issues for users of ODA statistical information who aim to capture data on aid flows to the water sector.

scholarly journals Urban groundwater use in Tropical Africa – a key factor in enhancing water security?

Water Policy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 982-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Foster ◽  
Anne Bousquet ◽  
Sean Furey
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Urban Groundwater ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
Groundwater Use

Abstract A regional scoping study has reviewed the limited data on groundwater use for 10 cities in Tropical Africa. In those cities where the water utility has been able to develop groundwater rationally, the public water-supply usually offers a better service at lower cost by enabling phased investment and avoiding advanced treatment, and offers greater water-source security in drought and from pollution. Urban dwellers obtain water from multiple sources, according to availability and affordability. Among the more affluent, private water-supply boreholes are increasingly used to improve security and reduce cost but in the absence of international charity finance groundwater access is beyond the financial reach of the urban poor, except where the water table is shallow allowing the use of low-cost dugwells. The way forward must be to integrate more effectively utility and private investments, and piped and non-piped solutions, for urban water-supply provision, and for water utilities to establish low-income (‘pro-poor’) policy and technical units to pursue ways of supporting alternative water-supply provision, including advisory services and regulatory functions (where appropriate) for private borehole and dugwell use. To facilitate this, water utilities will need to partner with resource regulators and knowledge centres, which may require modifications to their mandate.

scholarly journals The impact of improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities on diarrhea and intestinal parasites: a Brazilian experience with children in two low-income urban communities

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Gross ◽  
Bernd Schell ◽  
Maria Carmen Bisi Molina ◽  
Maria Antonia Cuelho Leão ◽  
Ulrike Strack
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Intestinal Parasitosis ◽  
Belo Horizonte ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

During the second half of 1986 the impact of the improvement of water supply and excreta disposal facilities on diarrheal diseases and intestinal parasitosis was studied in 254 children up to six years of age from two favelas (shanty towns) of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The estimated incidence of diarrhea was 6.2 episodes/child year and the estimated period prevalence reached 31.0 episode days/ child/ year. The point prevalence of parasitosis was 70.7% (Ascaris lumbricoides: 55.4%, Trichuris trichiura: 19.6%, Giardia lamblia: 17.9%). The estimated prevalence of diarrhea decreased with improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities to 45% and 44% respectively, but no statistically significant impact was observed in the case of parasitosis. School education and weaning practice were found to be other important determinants of diarrhea.

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