scholarly journals Urban groundwater use in Tropical Africa – a key factor in enhancing water security?

Water Policy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 982-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Foster ◽  
Anne Bousquet ◽  
Sean Furey
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Urban Groundwater ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
Groundwater Use

Abstract A regional scoping study has reviewed the limited data on groundwater use for 10 cities in Tropical Africa. In those cities where the water utility has been able to develop groundwater rationally, the public water-supply usually offers a better service at lower cost by enabling phased investment and avoiding advanced treatment, and offers greater water-source security in drought and from pollution. Urban dwellers obtain water from multiple sources, according to availability and affordability. Among the more affluent, private water-supply boreholes are increasingly used to improve security and reduce cost but in the absence of international charity finance groundwater access is beyond the financial reach of the urban poor, except where the water table is shallow allowing the use of low-cost dugwells. The way forward must be to integrate more effectively utility and private investments, and piped and non-piped solutions, for urban water-supply provision, and for water utilities to establish low-income (‘pro-poor’) policy and technical units to pursue ways of supporting alternative water-supply provision, including advisory services and regulatory functions (where appropriate) for private borehole and dugwell use. To facilitate this, water utilities will need to partner with resource regulators and knowledge centres, which may require modifications to their mandate.

scholarly journals Hygiene Condition of Water Use and Sanitation Facilities at Urban Slums: Analysis of Port City Chittagong, Bangladesh / Wyposażenie Sanitarne W Slamsach Miejskich - Analiza Na Podstawie Miasta Portowego Chittagong, Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-166
Author(s):  
I. B. Muhit ◽  
S. Tasneem Chowdhury ◽  
Nurangir Nahid ◽  
M. F. Zaman
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Port City ◽  
Crucial Aspect ◽  
Power Development

Abstract Low income community development is the prerequisite for the overall development of a society. There are different kinds of parameters to widen community development, such as health, economic, social, a living pattern, etc. Sanitation condition is the crucial aspect that is directly or indirectly inter bond with all the parameters. To see the exact reasons behind brutal unhygienic sanitation conditions of water supply and latrine system in a low cost community, the Chittagong City Corporation area has been picked. Relevant data have been collected from field survey, consultancy with inhabitants, Chittagong City Corporation, Power Development Board, and WASA. To know the possible reasons behind the water supply and germ-infested sanitation, state of a low cost community, this paper attempts to shed some light on the tribulations behind the scarcity of safe drinking water, dirt free as well as sustainable latrine and drainage system and offensive water management.

scholarly journals Low-income housing provision: between governmental interventions and informal settlements

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Hussaen Ali Hasan Kahachi ◽  
Alison Brown
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Housing Provision ◽  
Low Cost Housing

Low-cost housing, so-called affordable housing, is an important subject as it affects many aspects of people's well-being and city planning. The urban poor, who form a respectable percentage of cities' residents in many developing countries, are the most affected segment by the availability and affordability of housing. Governments often try their best to provide affordable housing through housing interventions and programs. However, many low-income people end up in informal settlements including slums and squatter settlements. This research analyzes state-led low-cost housing initiatives compared to informal affordable housing in developing countries. The importance of this research is mainly associated with understanding how governmental housing initiatives and laws affect the housing preferences of the urban poor. The research starts by providing a brief background about the subject and its importance from the literature. The research uses mixed methods approach and a case study of Greater Cairo Region following the massive migration during the period between the 1980s and the 2000s to provide an in-depth understanding of the situation. The research then analyzes/discusses some housing initiatives, and uses both quantitative/qualitative data in order to explain potential malpractice and issues. Finally, the research will highlight the key findings and provide some recommendations for change/improvement.

scholarly journals Charging to enter the water shop? The costs of urban water connections for the poor

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W.A. Franceys
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Global Survey ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
The Cost

The cost of new water connections for poor urban dwellers in middle and low-income economies, that is the official fees, costs of pipework and additional costs, is reported from a global survey of water utilities and a four country, two city questionnaire of newly connected households. The objective is to investigate whether directly ‘charging to enter the water shop’ is the most effective means of recovering costs for the water utility whilst ensuring maximum access to the urban poor who benefit most from convenient access to clean, affordable water.

scholarly journals Anti-Democratic Spaces and Impoverishment: Role of Roads in Low-Income Residential Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 15-32
Author(s):  
Allison John ◽  
Mabel Allison ◽  
Dennis Ejike Amadi ◽  
Crispin Allison
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Environmental Leadership ◽  
Transit Systems ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Central Business Districts ◽  
Democratic Spaces

This article identifies the low-income group as eco-friendly in terms of their favoured transit systems. Despite the group’s eco-friendly and sustainable attributes, they suffer the most in their use of urban spaces, in low-cost housings and in transportation planning, in particular the roads. There is corruption among others who push for road dominance in the infrastructure. There is a call for action in developing the following: greater transparency, democratic approaches, and compact developments with a rich juxtaposition of greenery enhancing pedestrian corridors. Community spaces connecting working areas with the Central Business Districts (CBD) and high densities residencies to be developed are popular and more sustainable options. A pragmatic contextual sensitive approach is demanded. Downsizing road networks within low-income neighbourhoods can empower the poor and their community, while simultaneously mitigating the risk of corruption generated by the development of roads. The problem is global; operational, managerial and strategic in scope with the capacities of enterprising urban poor being wasted in urban-city governance. The recommendations target stopping the conversation of critical government policies into mere rhetoric. Flooding, housing, education, and public health were identified areas for strategic intervention. The Rand study and a review of the DG SANCO EU report was adapted as the approach to this research. ‘Co-petition’ and collaboration among government authorities, built-up professionals, and inclusiveness of targeted population remains imperative; even so, the review of academic curricular and methods towards environmental leadership for sustainability shifts from planning for cities and cars to planning for humans.

Beyond the Decade: A Framework for Global Cooperation

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 211-213
Author(s):  
Alexander H. Rotival
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
External Support ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD) was launched by the General Assembly of the United Nations in November 1980 with the goal “to provide all people with water of safe quality and adequate quantity and basic sanitary facilities by 1990”. The World Bank estimates that despite the efforts during the Decade less than 50 percent of developing country populations have access to adequate water supplies and only 20 percent to adequate sanitation facilities. Major factors for the situation are the continuing population explosion and the economic stagnation of developing countries. Qualitative breakthroughs have been made however, through (i) improved coordination for sector inputs at the global and country levels, (ii) systematic formulation of country strategies, (iii) rationalization of the management of the sector, and most significantly through (iv) community involvement and (v) the adoption of low-cost sustainable and replicable technologies. The UNDP/World Bank Programme and the UNDP/WHO Decade Programmes have played a catalytic role in developing activities in these five areas. To maintain Decade momentum beyond 1990 and to accelerate the provision of water supply and sanitation services to all, with emphasis on the unserved rural and peri-urban poor, by using a coordinated programme “Decade” approach, a Framework for Global Cooperation has been established. A series of meetings of a Collaborative Council of External Support Agencies (ESAs) is involved, leading to a global consultation in India in 1990 for all developing countries to define and achieve consensus on a water and sanitation sector strategy for “Beyond the Decade”.

Public water supply and sanitation policies and inclusive development of the urban poor in Brazil

Water Policy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-367
Author(s):  
Raquel dos Santos ◽  
Joyeeta Gupta ◽  
Nicky R. M. Pouw ◽  
Klaas Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Policy Discourse ◽  
Design Assessment ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Abstract Poorly designed policies jeopardise ecosystems and their services and the expansion of basic services to vulnerable populations. In the water and sanitation (WatSan) sector, inadequate access of the urban poor to formal and public drinking water supply and sanitation services (WSS) calls for more inclusive policies. Inclusive development (ID) has social, environmental and relational dimensions. However, there is little research on operationalising ID dimensions in WatSan policy discourse analysis. Hence, this paper addresses: How can we elaborate on indicators for inclusive WatSan policies? How can these be applied to assess the design of Brazilian WatSan policies? It examines the literature on ID and WatSan, develops and applies an analytical framework with six indicators to assess ID in WSS through policy analysis: access to minimum WSS; access to WSS even if the urban poor do not have formal housing; domestic wastewater collection/treatment; water availability; participation; and WSS subsidies for low-income people. Comparison between two Brazilian WatSan policies shows that the current WatSan law scores higher on ID than the previous law but neglects key aspects of social, environmental and relational ID dimensions. The selected indicators were useful to operationalise ID in WatSan policy discourse analysis and can boost policy design assessment elsewhere.

scholarly journals Sustainability and risk assessment matrix (SRAM): pathway to water security

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 2928-2940
Author(s):  
Enovwo Odjegba ◽  
Grace Oluwasanya ◽  
Adebayo Sadiq ◽  
Gail Brion
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Sustainability Assessment ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
Assessment Matrix ◽  
Very High

Abstract Water security, as a Sustainable Development Goal, ensures that sustainable water supply is consistently available to every individual. A water supply systems (WSS) assessment matrix was designed as a tool for assessing WSS in low-income countries; with selected urban, peri-urban and rural Nigerian communities as case studies. Sustainability of the WSS was assessed through established criteria against five sustainability factors. Sanitary surveys were conducted to evaluate the risks associated with the WSS using sanitary inspection forms, through which the sanitary risk scores (SRS) were derived. For sustainability, the WSS were ranked as Very High, High, Medium and Low Sustainability, and for SRS as Very High, High, Intermediate and Low Risk. A Sustainability and Risk Assessment Matrix (SRAM) was designed using sustainability evaluation and risk assessment for the WSS. The WSS in the rural areas are more ‘Secure’ than those in urban and peri-urban towns, and boreholes are more ‘Secure’ than hand-dug wells, but none of the public water points are scored ‘Secure’. The paper concludes that SRAM provides a cost-effective method of classification and may serve as a pre-water quality and source sustainability assessment tool, especially in low-income countries, as part of the measures to achieve water security.

Health in perspective: framing motivational factors for personal sanitation in urban slums in Nairobi, Kenya, using anchored best–worst scaling

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Johan Lagerkvist ◽  
Suvi Kokko ◽  
Nancy Karanja
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Motivational Factors ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Best Worst Scaling ◽  
Sanitation Systems

Severe health, safety and environmental hazards are being created by the growing population of urban poor in low-income countries due to lack of access to sanitation and to inadequate existing sanitation systems. We developed a multi-faceted motivational framework to examine the constituents that explain user motivation regarding a personalised sanitation system. In 2012 we interviewed slum dwellers in Nairobi, Kenya, to estimate individual motivational factor importance rankings from anchored best–worst scaling (ABWS) using hierarchical Bayesian methods. We found that personal safety, avoidance of discomfort with shared toilets, cleanliness and convenience for children were ranked of highest importance. Motivational factors related to health were only relatively highly ranked. Thus factors contributing to overall individual wellbeing, beyond health benefits, drive adoption and use of the low-cost personal sanitation solution studied. This suggests that non-health benefits of low-cost sanitation solutions should be better acknowledged and communicated to raise awareness and encourage adoption of improved sanitation in urban slums. These findings may help develop policies to promote personal sanitation, improve public health and safety and reduce environmental risks.

Water supply and sanitation planning model: a management tool for large Brazilian cities

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 469-476
Author(s):  
S.R.A. Soares ◽  
R.S. Bernardes
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Modeling Approach ◽  
Developing Cities ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Water And Wastewater ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

The sanitary problems promoted by the rapid urbanization process in developing cities are usually resulted from the absence of planning, high population concentration and inadequate water and wastewater infrastructure for low income people. Because the provision and planning of water supply and is a complex task, a modeling approach was used to enhance the understanding of the process and the aspects involved. In the development of a model, not only the technical aspects were taken into account, but other aspects related to the provision of drinking water and the water resources protection were also analyzed, such as institutional, financial, socioeconomic, environmental and public health. In the modeling process two different methods of conceptualization were used to describe the urban water flow through the water and wastewater systems linked to various aspects related to their implementation in large developing cities. The urban water systems of five large metropolitan areas in Brazil were also evaluated for the complete model. It is expected that the modeling approach developed in this paper consists of a valuable methodology for water supply and sanitation planning in Brazilian cities, and other developing cities with the same characteristics. The suggested conceptual model could, at least, provide more than a starting point for a useful urban water management tool.

India as a Pioneer of Innovation

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health System ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Public Health System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Innovation Project ◽  
Context Specific

What does innovation mean to and in India? What are the predominant areas of innovation for India, and under what situations do they succeed or fail? This book addresses these all-important questions arising within diverse Indian contexts: informal economy, low-cost settings, large business groups, entertainment and copyright-based industries, an evolving pharma sector, a poorly organized and appallingly underfunded public health system, social enterprises for the urban poor, and innovations for the millions. It explores the issues that promote and those that hinder the country’s rise as an innovation leader. The book’s balanced perspective on India’s promises and failings makes it a valuable addition for those who believe that India’s future banks heavily on its ability to leapfrog using innovation, as well as those sceptical of the Indian state’s belief in the potential of private enterprise and innovation. It also provides critical insights on innovation in general, the most important of which being the highly context-specific, context-driven character of the innovation project.

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