Hydrology vs sovereignty: managing the hydrological interdependency of international rivers

Water Policy ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Undala Alam ◽  
Ousmane Dione ◽  
Paul Jeffrey
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
International Rivers ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Guadiana Basin ◽  
Operational Interpretation

In managing international rivers, governments are subject to two different boundaries. The socio-politically constructed boundaries governed by sovereignty and the physical boundaries imposed by the river's hydrology. The existence of a hydrological interdependency within an international basin means that “how” it is managed is important in constructing certainty in water supply. We compare two experiences from Europe and Africa to see the effect of sovereignty on the management of a basin's hydro-interdependency. Portugal and Spain have followed a Westphalian interpretation of sovereignty in the Guadiana basin to develop their physical infrastructure unilaterally and “sever” the hydro-interdependency. In contrast, using an operational interpretation of sovereignty, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal have chosen to embrace the Senegal river's hydro-interdependency and develop it jointly. A key lesson that emerges is that the approach used determines the pattern of resilience constructed in each system.

Sharing the load? Floods, droughts, and managing international rivers

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHANNUS JANMAAT ◽  
ARJAN RUIJS
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
International Rivers ◽  
Storage Reservoirs ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Developing Region ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Game Theoretic Model ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
Water Issues

Rivers can be both givers of life and takers of life. Investments that provide protection against flooding are often beneficial during normal or low flows. Investments such as storage reservoirs are long lived, separating construction and management operations. With international rivers, the absence of enforcement mechanisms may preclude infrastructure collaboration. Where physical infrastructure is in an upstream nation, downstream impacts may be ignored after the structure has been completed. Using a game theoretic model, it is shown that downstream cooperation may only be rational when flooding is the primary downstream impact. A stylized arid developing region and humid developed region are compared. Potential gains from collaboration are greatest in arid regions, but may be difficult to achieve. There may be little scope for capturing the gains from basin level management if economic integration does not extend beyond water issues.

Forging sustainable transboundary water-sharing agreements: barriers and opportunities

Water Policy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank A. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Transboundary Water ◽  
International Rivers ◽  
Water Sharing ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
The Face ◽  
Barriers And Opportunities

Few international water-sharing agreements have shown the flexibility to adjust to extended drought; fewer still provide safeguards for adaptation to modern climate variability. Yet, current conflicts over the development and use of transboundary rivers continue to motivate the search for negotiated water-sharing arrangements that can provide flexibility in the face of change. To avoid future conflicts, an agreement must include measures that allow for adaptation to changes in water supplies, population, climate, technology, infrastructure, and economic activity while also guiding water use patterns. The benefits of a flexible agreement can be a more predictable water supply for all riparians, greater incentives to develop needed water infrastructure and more open, transparent and accountable water institutions. Other benefits include increased food production, water security, environmental protection, reduced flood damage, better adaptation to the costs of extreme weather and variable climate, and a reduced need for complex legal, administrative and enforcement activities. This paper investigates ways to achieve sustainable transboundary water-sharing agreements. It investigates barriers to forging water-sharing agreements, describes errors that could undermine settlements and presents takeaway lessons from two North American agreements and one in south Asia. Finally, the paper proposes an approach by which information on headwater flows and historical use patterns could be used to allocate supplies between riparians that adapt to changes in water supply and demand. Outcomes from the implementation of structured, but flexible agreements could help guide future negotiated settlements for the worlds international rivers.

scholarly journals Urbanisation and Infrastructural Development in Nagaland: A Case Study of Kohima and Mokokchung District

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-323
Author(s):  
Chubakumzuk Jamir
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Postal Service ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Service Water ◽  
Physical Infrastructure

Urbanisation is now becoming a global phenomenon, high rate of population growth; declining opportunities in rural areas and shift from stagnant and low paying agriculture sector to more paying urban occupations, largely contribute to urbanization process. This paper studies the level of physical and social infrastructural progress in Kohima and Mokokchung districts using seven indicators such as education institution, health, banking, postal service, water supply, surface road cover and electricity. Research survey was conducted in Kohima and Mokokchung in 2017-18. The sample wards were selected using random sampling methods. The data’s collected were than analyzed using Principal Components Analysis Model. The findings shows that 50% of urban areas are in developed and 37.5% in moderately developed and 12% in less developed with regard to surface road, medical facilities, education, postal service, banking and water supply. The study highlights that urbanisation has positive impact on infrastructure development in sample districts. The study also found the urban areas of Kohima are in leading position than Mokokchung with regard to social and physical infrastructure. The paper concludes by suggesting suitable policies for developing and less developed areas. Keywords: Urbanisation, Social and Physical Infrastructure   

scholarly journals Dry Pipes: Associations between Utility Performance and Intermittent Piped Water Supply in Low and Middle Income Countries

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Kaminsky ◽  
Emily Kumpel
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
International Benchmarking ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Infrastructure System ◽  
Utility Scale ◽  
Global Indicators ◽  
Relevant Factors

Intermittent piped water supply impacts at least one billion people around the globe. Given the environmental and public health implications of poor water supply, there is a strong practical need to understand how and why intermittent supply occurs, and what strategies may be used to move utilities towards the provision of continuous water supply. Leveraging data from the International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities, we discover 42 variables that have statistically significant associations with intermittent water supply at the utility scale across 2115 utilities. We categorized these under the following themes: Physical infrastructure system scale, coverage, consumer type, public water points, financial, and non-revenue water and metering. This research identifies globally relevant factors with high potential for cross-context, scaled impact. In addition, using insights from the analysis, we provide empirically grounded recommendations and data needs for improved global indicators of utility performance related to intermittent supply.

Rural Community Water Supply: Sustainable services for all

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Carter
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Sustainable Services ◽  
To Come ◽  
United Nations Declaration

The first Water Decade aimed to serve everyone with safe drinking water by 1990. More than three decades later, the task is far from finished; it is now abundantly clear that it will take more time — in some countries much more time — than the 15 years of the Sustainable Development Goals. Despite the United Nations declaration that no-one would be left behind, without step-changes in commitment, know-how, and resources, many rural households will still be struggling for their daily water supply in 2030 and beyond. In this book, Richard Carter weaves together the myriad of factors that need to come together to make rural water supply truly available to everyone. Sustainable water supply for all requires sound stewardship of water resources, good quality physical infrastructure, and management and financing arrangements that are equally fit-for-purpose. In many countries, systemic change is needed. Ultimately, radical changes to the global web of injustice that divides this world into rich and poor may be the only way to address the underlying problems.

Enumeration and Identification of Asbestos Fibres in Water

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 526-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mudroch ◽  
J. R. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Research Work ◽  
List Type ◽  
The West ◽  
Asbestos Fibre ◽  
Amphibole Asbestos

Approximately 60,000 tons per day of waste from taconite mining, tailing, are added to the west arm of Lake Superior at Silver Bay. Tailings contain nearly the same amount of quartz and amphibole asbestos, cummingtonite and actinolite in fibrous form. Cummingtonite fibres from 0.01μm in length have been found in the water supply for Minnesota municipalities.The purpose of the research work was to develop a method for asbestos fibre counts and identification in water and apply it for the enumeration of fibres in water samples collected(a) at various stations in Lake Superior at two depth: lm and at the bottom.(b) from various rivers in Lake Superior Drainage Basin.

Bacterial biofilm behavior in water-supply lines of dental units

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 882-883
Author(s):  
B.D. Tall ◽  
K.S. George ◽  
R. T. Gray ◽  
H.N. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm

Studies of bacterial behavior in many environments have shown that most organisms attach to surfaces, forming communities of microcolonies called biofilms. In contaminated medical devices, biofilms may serve both as reservoirs and as inocula for the initiation of infections. Recently, there has been much concern about the potential of dental units to transmit infections. Because the mechanisms of biofilm formation are ill-defined, we investigated the behavior and formation of a biofilm associated with tubing leading to the water syringe of a dental unit over a period of 1 month.

The Water Supply of Lake Nicaragua

1901 ◽  
Vol 51 (1306supp) ◽  
pp. 20932-20932
Author(s):  
Angelo Heilprin
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply
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