scholarly journals Hydro-hegemony – a framework for analysis of trans-boundary water conflicts

Water Policy ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Zeitoun ◽  
Jeroen Warner
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Resource Control ◽  
Water Conflict ◽  
Water Conflicts ◽  
Euphrates River ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Conventional Analysis ◽  
Power Asymmetries ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Political Question

The increasing structural and physical scarcity of water across the globe calls for a deeper understanding of trans-boundary water conflicts. Conventional analysis tends to downplay the role that power asymmetry plays in creating and maintaining situations of water conflict that fall short of the violent form of war and to treat as unproblematic situations of cooperation occurring in an asymmetrical context. The conceptual Framework of Hydro-Hegemony presented herein attempts to give these two features – power and varying intensities of conflict – their respective place in the perennial and deeply political question: who gets how much water, how and why? Hydro-hegemony is hegemony at the river basin level, achieved through water resource control strategies such as resource capture, integration and containment. The strategies are executed through an array of tactics (e.g. coercion-pressure, treaties, knowledge construction, etc.) that are enabled by the exploitation of existing power asymmetries within a weak international institutional context. Political processes outside the water sector configure basin-wide hydro-political relations in a form ranging from the benefits derived from cooperation under hegemonic leadership to the inequitable aspects of domination. The outcome of the competition in terms of control over the resource is determined through the form of hydro-hegemony established, typically in favour of the most powerful actor. The Framework of Hydro-hegemony is applied to the Nile, Jordan and Tigris and Euphrates river basins, where it is found that current hydro-hegemonic configurations tend towards the dominative form.. There is evidence in each case of power asymmetries influencing an inequitable outcome – at the expense of lingering, low-intensity conflicts. It is proposed that the framework provides an analytical paradigm useful for examining the options of such powerful or hegemonized riparians and how they might move away from domination towards cooperation.

Adolescents' Use of Resource Control Strategies and Bullying Behaviors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly N. Clark ◽  
Nicole B. Dorio ◽  
Michelle K. Demaray ◽  
Christine K. Malecki
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Resource Control ◽  
Bullying Behaviors

Social dominance and prosocial and coercive strategies of resource control in preschoolers

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia H. Hawley
Keyword(s):  
Social Skills ◽  
Social Competence ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Resource Control ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Control Behaviour

This study was designed to investigate the predictors of social dominance, the strategies children use to control resources (prosocial and coercive), and the associations between these strategies and measures of personality, social skills, and peer regard. A total of 30 preschoolers (ages 3–6) were rated by their teachers on social dominance. Based on these ratings, dominant children were paired with multiple subordinate children (i.e., block design; Kenny, 1990) and observed in a play situation designed to elicit resource control behaviour. As hypothesised, age and the surgency facet of extraversion predicted social dominance (but openness to experience did not). Furthermore, also as expected, both prosocial behaviour and coercive behaviour were related to resource control in the play situation. Last, both resource control strategies were associated with parent-rated social competence, but only coercive control was associated with positive peer regard (i.e., Likeability). Factors of personality (e.g. agreeableness, hostility) were not associated with either of the strategies. The utility of an evolutionary perspective to resource control and social competence is discussed.

Новый геополитический контекст взаимоотношений Армении и России в условиях изменения баланса военно-политических сил региональных и мировых держав в регионе

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Maksim Vaskov
Keyword(s):  
System Analysis ◽  
Domestic Policy ◽  
Greater Caucasus ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
Systemic Crises ◽  
Negative Phenomena ◽  
New System ◽  
Geopolitical Context

The purpose of the article is to consider various historical and political aspects that form the geopolitical context of Russian-Armenian relations. The author tried to take into account the factors that appeared as the consequences of Azerbaijan's aggression and the results of the Second Artsakh War. Using the methods of factorial and system analysis the article studies various combinations of interaction between states, both directly located in the region and being global political players for which political processes in the Transcaucasia are only a part of more global political projects. The existing system of political relations is distinguished by instability and the formation of a new system of political and military risks. All participants in political relations have reasons to seek complications in Russian-Armenian relations. There are also threats for them in the context of the domestic policy of Russia and Armenia. Overcoming these negative phenomena is a condition for the preservation and development of statehood in both Russia and Armenia. The development of a negative scenario will lead to new military conflicts and systemic crises of the entire Greater Caucasus.

Water Conflicts: The Case of the Nile River and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-193
Author(s):  
Cătălin Badea
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Nile River ◽  
Water Conflict ◽  
Water Conflicts ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
State Of Water

"The most crucial element of every life form on our planet, water has always been a source of potential animosity between clans, tribes and even states. With the advent of modern technology we have devoted less and less of our attention to this all-needed resource, but pollution, large-scale industrialization and agriculture, the population boom of the last centuries and crucially the climate calamity that it threatens to unleash, forces us to reconsider the key role played by water in the delicate and fragile ecosystem of our planet. This article takes a look at how water is, and will increasingly be, a source of contention and even conflicts between states, as climate changes and increasingly larger populations will be forced to fight over more and more depleted resources. With a focus on the case of the Nile river and the potential conflict over its water resources between Egypt and Ethiopia, this article examines how the mainstream state of water conflict thinking fails to explain the case of the Nile River Basis and the newly built Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) and why the alternative ideas that are based on the notions of cooperation and justice might ultimately provide a better way of understanding the complex problem of the delicate management and use of water resources. Keywords: Water conflicts, Egypt, Ethiopia, GERD, The Nile"

A Watershed Moment

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-100
Author(s):  
Marcus DuBois King
Keyword(s):  
River System ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Water Conflict ◽  
Euphrates River ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan ◽  
Dam Building ◽  
Changing Demographics ◽  
Political Leverage

Chapter 4 establishes Iraqi Kurdistan as a de-facto riparian actor the Tigris and Euphrates River System explaining that it is blessed with abundant water resources that are now under increasing stress. Changing demographics, dam building in neighbouring countries, and drought have brought Kurdish hydropolitics to a critical juncture where two distinct water futures of abundance or scarcity are possible depending in large part on policy decisions limited by regional security concerns. The chapter problematizes a spectrum of potential water conflict in this context and finds that outbreaks might be sparked by three historical realities: (1) systemic precedence for hydro-hegemonic behaviour—the monopolization of water by a single country—in the Tigris and Euphrates River Basin (2) a record of deployment of the water weapon during contemporary conflicts in Syria and Iraq and (3) conflicting views of ownership and rights to the Tigris and Euphrates river among the riparian countries. Ultimately, the chapter argues that the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) must recognize these realities, and use this understanding to develop a comprehensive strategy that will guarantee sufficient water for Iraqi Kurdistan’s people while maintaining the ability to use water as political leverage in support of designs toward autonomy or, more altruistically, to improve the quality of life for all Iraqis.

Approaches to Water Dispute Resolution: Applications to Arab-Israeli Negotiations

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-325
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
River Basin Management ◽  
Water Conflict ◽  
Basin Management ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
History Of ◽  
Water Dispute ◽  
Water Treaties ◽  
International River

AbstractIncreasing and competing demands among countries for water is a major cause of international disputes. This article builds on research of negotiation processes and institutional frameworks of international river basin management. Its focus is the search for effective approaches that can be applied to the resolution of Arab-Israeli water disputes. While every dispute is unique, the Arab-Israeli situation is not the only case with stubborn and long-standing enmities, shortages of water resources, political and economic power imbalances, absences from negotiations of vital riparians, and rapidly changing political climates. In the Arab-Israeli water dispute, there are both parallels and lessons to be learned from the situations in other river basins.The treaties that have thus far emerged from Arab-Israeli negotiations are briefly reviewed, as is the potential for future regional agreements. The history of other river basin negotiations is useful in charting the future directions of the Arab-Israeli water conflict. Issues include options and modes of negotiation, information and technology sharing, the importance of the geopolitical climate, comprehensive versus incremental agreements, linkage of water agreements to environmental and other issues, the power balance among participants, cost-sharing strategies, and institutions, and the capacity for implementation.Although the strained political relations between Arabs and Israelis have worsened in the past year and one-half, the water treaties do not seem endangered for the most part. Indeed, water negotiations may again become one of the confidence-building measures that can facilitate other more general negotiations, after the current stalemate is broken.

Machiavellianism in Children in Dutch Elementary Schools and Sports Clubs: Prevalence and Stability According to Context, Sport Type, and Gender

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Baar ◽  
Theo Wubbels
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
School Context ◽  
Resource Control ◽  
Peer Aggression ◽  
School Students ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Sports Club ◽  
Aggressive Children

The majority of research on children’s peer aggression has focused exclusively on the school context. Very few studies have investigated peer aggression in sports clubs. The prevalence and stability of peer aggression, prosocial behavior, and resource control strategies for children participating in three types of sports (martial arts, contact, and noncontact sports) were examined in two contexts: the sports club and the elementary school. We distinguished aggressive children with (i.e., Machiavellians) and without prosocial tendencies (i.e., coercive-aggressive children). Self-reports about experiences in the two contexts where gathered from 1,425 Dutch elementary school students (717 boys and 708 girls, fourth to sixth grade, mean age 11.25 years) who were participating in a sports club. We found roles for resource control strategies to be rather stable across contexts. The findings did not provide support for the “enhancement” assumption in these contexts with regard to martial arts participants.

Resource control strategies and personality traits

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virgil Zeigler-Hill ◽  
Ashton C. Southard ◽  
Avi Besser
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Resource Control

scholarly journals Preschool Power Play: Resource Control Strategies Associated with Health

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber R. Massey ◽  
Jennifer Byrd-Craven ◽  
CaSandra L. Swearingen
Keyword(s):  
Effortful Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Resource Control ◽  
Social Strategies ◽  
Social Strategy ◽  
Health Assessments ◽  
Multimethod Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Power Play ◽  
Temperament Characteristic

Background. This exploratory study uses a multimethod approach to examine the relationship between social strategy usage and overall health in preschool children. Methods. Children's temperament, social strategies, and health assessments were obtained via reported behavior from parents and teachers. In addition, children's use of prosocial and coercive strategies was observed and recorded via one-way windows in the preschool facility. Results. Results revealed that the temperament characteristic of effortful control was related to the observed use of coercive strategies and that coercive strategies were not observed by teachers, who viewed these children as primarily prosocial. The reported use of both coercive and prosocial strategies was also related to decrease in illness. Conclusion. These findings in relation to previous work suggest that using both prosocial and coercive strategies can elevate status as well as maintain health even in young children.

scholarly journals On Maintenance and Development of Administrative Education

Upravlenie ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Серов ◽  
V. Serov
Keyword(s):  
Production Management ◽  
Management Education ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Current Management ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Organization And Management ◽  
Brief Assessment ◽  
Education Crisis ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
The University

This article gives a brief assessment of the current management education crisis and presents the author’s approach to its maintenance and development, based on the assumption that the management objects are technical, socio-economic systems, and socio-political processes. Accordingly, the requirements for the maintenance of curriculums of the trainings for the management specialists in the university, the ratio of the technical-technological disciplines in economics, organization and production management, socio-political relations organization and management are determined. The post-graduate management education is also considered.

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