Trading virtual water between Bangladesh and India: a politico-economic dilemma

Water Policy ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 549-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saila Parveen ◽  
I. M. Faisal
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Physical Constraints ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Grain Trade ◽  
Cultivable Land ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
Economic Considerations

The extent of virtual water trade and its significance for the food security of Bangladesh have been examined in the light of political and socio-economic considerations that govern the food grain trade between Bangladesh and India. It has been shown that while there are no physical constraints preventing such a trade, prevailing political relations, market conditions, agricultural and food policies, the state of the economies and climatic conditions may play important roles in determining the extent of trade. In the context of rapid population growth and potential future shortage of cultivable land and irrigation water in the dry season, the paper suggests that food security may be redefined as “food self-reliance” instead of “food self-sufficiency”.

scholarly journals Assessment of food trade impacts on water, food, and land security in the MENA region

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 557-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Hyun Lee ◽  
Rabi H. Mohtar ◽  
Seung-Hwan Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Food Trade ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Food Imports ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Domestic Food

Abstract. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has the largest water deficit in the world. It also has the least food self-sufficiency. Increasing food imports and decreasing domestic food production can contribute to water savings and hence to increased water security. However, increased domestic food production is a better way to achieve food security, even if irrigation demands an increase in accordance with projected climate changes. Accordingly, the trade-off between food security and the savings of water and land through food trade is considered to be a significant factor for resource management, especially in the MENA region. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the impact of food trade on food security and water–land savings in the MENA region. We concluded that the MENA region saved significant amounts of national water and land based on the import of four major crops, namely, barley, maize, rice, and wheat, within the period from 2000 to 2012, even if the food self-sufficiency is still at a low level. For example, Egypt imported 8.3 million t yr−1 of wheat that led to 7.5 billion m3 of irrigation water and 1.3 million ha of land savings. In addition, we estimated the virtual water trade (VWT) that refers to the trade of water embedded in food products and analyzed the structure of VWT in the MENA region using degree and eigenvector centralities. The study revealed that the MENA region focused more on increasing the volume of virtual water imported during the period 2006–2012, yet little attention was paid to the expansion of connections with country exporters based on the VWT network analysis.

scholarly journals Export and import of virtual water from different states of India through food grain trade

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 229-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Kumar ◽  
Sharad K. Jain
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Land Productivity ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Food Grains ◽  
Grain Trade ◽  
Average Precipitation ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
Water Contents

The geographical area of India is 3.29 × 106 km2 and the annual average precipitation is about 4000 km3 (about 1215 mm depth over the country). Large variations in agricultural practices, climate and land productivity result in large variations in agricultural productivity between states. Virtual water refers to the water required in the production of goods or services; exchange of water through goods and services is virtual water trade. This paper quantifies virtual water export/import from/to various states of India to/from a central pool related to trade of two major food grains, wheat and rice, during the years 2003–04 to 2005–06. Virtual water contents of wheat and rice were estimated for different states using the data pertaining to that state. It was found to vary from 745 to 9405 m3/t for wheat and from 2502 to 9562 m3/t for rice. Punjab, Haryana, Chattisgarh and Uttarakhand are net exporters of virtual water to the central pool; all other states are net importers. Among the virtual water exporters, Punjab and Haryana are water-stressed areas and some virtual water importing states have adequate water resources. Analysis shows that besides water availability, other factors are also important in determining virtual water export from a region.

scholarly journals STRATEGIC ORIENTATIONS FOR AGROINDUSTRIAL REGION DEVELOPMENT

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Galina Vladimirovna Timofeeva ◽  
Aigul Aldungarovna Aitpaeva ◽  
Raisa Isaevna Akmaeva
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The State ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Security Assessment ◽  
Strategic Orientations ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Agroindustrial Complex

The article touches upon the problem of food security as one of the main factors of social and economic development of the state. The problem of food security is particularly acute at the regional level, as not all regions can produce the necessary quantities of basic food due to differences in soil and climatic conditions. In the Astrakhan region there has been estimated the degree of security for the main food products; the need to consider both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of food for developing methods of food security assessment is being substantiated. There have been studied the reasons of decreasing the level of food self-sufficiency in the Astrakhan region, which can be explained by inefficient use of arable lands, non-observance of scientifically proved change of crops in time and space, ignoring the principles of agricultural zoning and all-round cultivation of vegetables and potatoes by the producers. To eliminate the negative manifestations in the agricultural production of the region it has been proposed to put into practice the system of strategic management in the agricultural sector of the economy and to develop strategic directions of the agro-industrial complex of the region in order to achieve the standards of food self-sufficiency for basic items of food supply. To assess the competitive advantages of agroindustrial production in the region, it was proposed to test the author's methodology, which provides integrated assessment of the competitiveness of the agro-industrial complex for each rural area of the Astrakhan region based on eight proposed key factors. There has been made a classification of eleven districts of the Astrakhan region on two levels of competitiveness has been carried out and the assessment of the state of the regional agroindustrial complex, which allows to develop strategic directions of development of the agroindustrial complex of the region for the near and long-term prospects.

scholarly journals Did the Qatar Blockade Work? Evidence from Trade and Consumer Welfare Three Years after the Blockade

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanan Al-Mal ◽  
Ayhab F Saad
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Consumer Welfare ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the effects of the embargo (blockade) imposed on Qatar in June 2017 by four countries: Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, and Bahrain. Using highly disaggregated product-destination quarterly trade datasets provided by the Qatar General Authority of Customs, we find a significant decline in Qatar’s aggregate imports and consumer welfare (with an increase in the prices of imported goods) in the short run, but not thereafter. Political relations with non-besieging countries seem to be associated with Qatar’s bilateral trade after the blockade, particularly in the first quarter. Shortly after the blockade, countries opposing the blockade experienced a sizable growth in exports to Qatar. In the medium to long run, Qatar succeeded in mitigating the impact of the blockade by diversifying its import origins and adopting new reforms to stabilize the economy and enhance the country’s food security and self-sufficiency.

The basis of food security of the country is the potential of the agricultural sector of the regional economics

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
N. D. Gushchenskaya ◽  
M. A. Sumarokova
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Regional Economics ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Current State ◽  
Self Sufficiency

The large territorial extent of our country has formed a certain resource potential for each region, which depends on the geographical, natural and climatic conditions, as well as the competitive advantages of the territory. The purpose of the research was to assess the degree of influence of the use of the resource potential of the territory on its food security in order to predict possible consequences when one of the determinants changes. The availability and use of production resources in the agricultural sector of the economics in the Kurgan region has been analyzed in the article. The evaluation of food security of the territory is based on the use of a set of indicators that reflect the physical and economics availability of food, the sufficiency and quality of consumption. Agricultural production had been increased by more than 30 % during the analyzed period, and the inflationary factor should be taken into account in this growth. With the existing programs to support agricultural producers there is no significant growth in the number of cattle and the area of crops in the region. According to the threshold values of the level of food self-sufficiency laid down by the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation the current state of agriculture in the Kurgan region cannot meet the region’s demand for meat and meat products. In 2019 the level of food independence for grain was 174,4 %, and for potatoes – 105,8 %, which indicates the feasibility of exporting these types of agricultural products to other regions of Russia. The annual grain export potential in the Kurgan region is estimated in the range from 0,6 to 1 million tons of grain. The conclusions made allow us to assess the degree of correlation between the resource potential of the region and the level of food security, and to develop recommendations for improving food self-sufficiency.

Analysis of the conditions of self-sufficiency of the region with meat products (on the example of the Samara Region)

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-56
Author(s):  
Maria Kagirova ◽  
Alia Malina
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
High Resource ◽  
Livestock Breeding ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Close Study ◽  
Production Trend ◽  
Degree Of Differentiation

The current conditions of international cooperation on export-import policy and the development of the country’s domestic economy require special attention to ensuring food security, especially in relation to animal breeding products, which occupy a significant share in the volume of imports in the Russian Federation. The high degree of differentiation of regions in terms of the development of agricultural production due to differences in climatic conditions and historically determined sectoral characteristics of production are the basis of the relevance of a close study of the conditions and development potential of beef cattle breeding at the regional level. This paper contains a statistical analysis of the conditions for ensuring food security in the Samara Region as a territory that has a high resource potential for livestock breeding, but does not fully realize it, turning into an import-dependent market. Based on the application of the grouping method, analysis of time series, and correlation analysis, the region features, livestock production trend are identified, the main factors affecting the food independence of the region are established.

Analysis of the conditions of self-sufficiency of the region with meat products (on the example of the Samara Region)

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
Maria Kagirova ◽  
Alia Malina
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
High Resource ◽  
Livestock Breeding ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Close Study ◽  
Production Trend ◽  
Degree Of Differentiation

The current conditions of international cooperation on export-import policy and the development of the country’s domestic economy require special attention to ensuring food security, especially in relation to animal breeding products, which occupy a significant share in the volume of imports in the Russian Federation. The high degree of differentiation of regions in terms of the development of agricultural production due to differences in climatic conditions and historically determined sectoral characteristics of production are the basis of the relevance of a close study of the conditions and development potential of beef cattle breeding at the regional level. This paper contains a statistical analysis of the conditions for ensuring food security in the Samara Region as a territory that has a high resource potential for livestock breeding, but does not fully realize it, turning into an import-dependent market. Based on the application of the grouping method, analysis of time series, and correlation analysis, the region features, livestock production trend are identified, the main factors affecting the food independence of the region are established.

Smart Way to Nutritional Security in India

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
YASIN JESHIMA KHAN
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Nutritional Security ◽  
Indian Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

In the changing climatic conditions and global scenario, in a continued green revolution; we have already accomplished food security and is legal through food security bill. Whereas, Systematic Management of Agricultural Resources and Technology (SMART) is the only way to nutritional security. India started breathing for agriculture with 30 Crore people (300 million) in the 1950's when we faced a huge food shortage and had to receive food under PL 480 agreement with the United States. Farmers brought us up from a net importer of food grains in 1950s, to an exporter; a huge jump. Whereas now again there is a shortage for pulses and oilseeds though we are having enough of cereals. What went wrong? We do have sufficient genetic diversity, we do have high yielding varieties, we have farmer supporting systems, but we were not SMART enough. Indian agriculture has registered impressive growth over last few decades with the same momentum of continued green revolution. Recent past has registered highest production levels in horticultural and fishery, animal husbandry products. The food grain production has increased from 51 million tonnes (MT) in 1950-51 to 265.57 MT during 2013-14 highest ever since independence. Even during 1950's we were the largest producers and exporters of many agricultural produce. At present, we have lost the first places in production of so many crops to our neighbours. It need not to be a monopoly but we should know our potential and at least to maintain the production level rather than giveup. So wise is the farmer, rich will be our nation. Hence, come on farmers raise up! We are your dependants! Self sufficiency has to be counted from the root level. If not at the level of an individual farmer, it should be from villages. A village should produce its needs starting from solar energy to food grain, milk, vegetables and feeds reducing the burden on transport and transportation loss. There is lack of 'we-feeling' or 'togetherness' in farm villages which cannot be created but can be inculcated in their minds for a better livelihood.

scholarly journals Assessment of food trade impacts on water, food, and land security in the MENA region

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Hyun Lee ◽  
Rabi H. Mohtar ◽  
Seung-Hwan Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Food Trade ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Food Imports ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Domestic Food

Abstract. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has the largest water deficit in the world. It also has the least food self-sufficiency. Increasing food imports and decreasing domestic food production can contribute to water savings and hence to increased water security. However, increased domestic food production is a better way to achieve food security, even if irrigation demands increase in accordance to projected climate changes. Accordingly, the trade-off between food security and the savings of water and land through food trade is considered as a significant factor for resource management, especially in the MENA. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the impact of food trade on food security and water-land savings in the MENA region. We concluded that the MENA region saved significant amounts of national water and land based on the import of four major crops, namely, barley, maize, rice, and wheat, within the period from 2000 to 2012, even if the food self-sufficiency is still at a low level. For example, Egypt imported 8.3 million ton/year of wheat that led to 7.5 billion m3 of irrigation water and 1.3 million ha of land savings. In addition, we estimated the virtual water trade (VWT) that refers to the trade of water embedded in food products and analyzed the structure of VWT in the MENA region using degree and eigenvector centralities. The study revealed that the MENA region focused more on increasing the volume of virtual water imported during the period 2006–2012, yet little attention was paid on the expansion of connections with country exporters based on the VWT network analysis.

Assessment of Food Security of Municipalities in the Volgograd Region

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
O.V. Cherkasova ◽  
◽  
A.S. Strokov ◽  
E.V. Tsvetnov ◽  
O.A. Makarov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Agricultural Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
North Western

The article assesses the food security of municipalities in the Volgograd region based on indicators of self-sufficiency in agricultural products. It was proposed to adapt the methodology for calculating self-sufficiency indicators, replacing indicators of consumption of basic products in municipalities that are not publicly available with indicators of necessary production volumes in accordance with rational norms. This makes it possible to better assess the extent to which municipalities are able to provide the population with basic food supplies, as well as to identify bottlenecks in order to develop proposals to address them. The highest self-sufficiency ratios for the main types of products was noted in the municipalities of the North-Western agricultural region with most favourable conditions for agricultural activities and, conversely, the lowest figures are typical for agricultural Zavolzhsky area – with the less favourable agricultural conditions.

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