scholarly journals Molecular detection of opportunistic pathogens and insights into microbial diversity in private well water and premise plumbing

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 820-834
Author(s):  
Jia Xue ◽  
Bowen Zhang ◽  
Jennifer Lamori ◽  
Kinjal Shah ◽  
Jovanny Zabaleta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Target Sequence ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Fecal Indicator

Abstract Private well water systems in rural areas that are improperly maintained will result in poor drinking water quality, loss of water supply, and pose human health risk. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and opportunistic pathogens in private well water in rural areas surrounding New Orleans, Louisiana. Our results confirmed the ubiquitous nature of Legionella (86.7%) and mycobacteria (68.1%) in private well water in the study area, with gene concentration ranged from 0.60 to 5.53 and 0.67 to 5.95 Log10 of GC/100 mL, respectively. Naegleria fowleri target sequence was detected in 16.8% and Escherichia coli was detected in 43.4% of the water samples. Total coliform, as well as Legionella and mycobacteria genetic markers' concentrations were significantly reduced by 3-minute flushing. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) data indicated that the abundance of bacterial species was significantly increased in water collected in kitchens compared with samples from wells directly. This study provided integrated knowledge on the persistence of pathogenic organisms in private well water. Further study is needed to explore the presence of clinical species of those opportunistic pathogens in private well water systems to elucidate the health risk.

scholarly journals Human health risk assessment of uranium in drinking water sampled from drilled wells located in rural areas of the Lower Silesian region (Poland) / Ocena ryzyka zdrowotnego związanego z obecnością uranu w wodzie przeznaczonej do spożycia pobieranej z wierconych studni zlokalizowanych na obszarach wiejskich Dolnego Śląska (Polska)

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sławomir Garboś ◽  
Dorota Święcicka
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Well Waters

Abstract Uranium concentrations in groundwater taken from private drilled wells have been never determined in Poland, implying a lack of available data to quantify the human exposure to U through drinking water consumption, especially in rural areas influenced by mining activities. The main aim of the study was the assessment of human health risk related to the consumption of well waters containing U, collected from selected rural areas of the Lower Silesian region (Poland). The random daytime (RDT) sampling method was applied to the collection of well waters from three control study areas (CSA): Mniszków (CSA-A), Stara Kamienica/M. Kamienica/Kopaniec (CSA-B) and Kletno (CSA-C). The analyses of RDT samples were performed by validated method based on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Uranium concentration ranges in well waters and the estimated geometric means for individual control study areas were: 0.005-1.03 μg/L and 0.052 μg/L (CSA-A), 0.027-10.6 μg/L and 0.40 μg/L (CSA-B), and 0.006-27.1 μg/L and 0.38 μg/L (CSA-C). The average and individual chronic daily intakes (CDI) of U by drinking water pathway (adults/children) were in the ranges of: 0.0017-0.013/0.0052-0.040 μg · kg-1 · day-1 and 0.0002-0.90/0.0005-2.71 μg · kg-1 · day-1. The average %TDI and ranges of individual %TDI (adults/children) were: 0.17%/0.52% and 0.02-3.4%/0.05-10.3% (CSA-A), 1.3%/4.0% and 0.09-35%/0.27-106% (CSA-B), and 1.3%/3.8% and 0.02-90%/0.06-271% (CSA-C). The estimated average CDI values of U through well water are significantly lower than the TDI (1 μg · kg-1 · day-1), while for individual CDI values the contribution to the TDI can reach even 90% (adults) and 271% (children), indicating essential human health risk for children consuming well water from private drilled wells located in CSA-B and CSA-C (5.3% of total number of samples collected).

scholarly journals The analysis of groundwater nitrate pollution and health risk assessment in Rural Areas of Yantai,China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guimei Yu ◽  
Jiu Wang ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Yun Li ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Nitrate Pollution ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Risk Of Exposure

Abstract Background:Nitrate is one of the most common chemical contaminants of groundwater, and it is an important unqualified factor of rural groundwater in Yantai. In order to assess the risk of exposure to drinking water nitrate for adults and juveniles, in recent years, we monitored the nitrate concentrations in rural drinking water,a model was also used to assess the human health risk of nitrate pollution in groundwater. Methods: From the year 2015 to 2018, the drinking water in rural areas of Yantai was tested according to the "Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water" (GB5749-2006). The principal component analysis was used to analyze the relationship between groundwater chemicals and nitrate. The model was used to assess human health risks of groundwater nitrate through the drinking water and skin contact. Results: A total of 2348 samples were tested during the year 2015-2018.Nitrate and total dissolved solids, total hardness, chloride are all relevant, the above indicators may come from the same source of pollution; The median nitrate content (CEXP50) was 17.8 mg / L; the risk of exposure in each group was ranked as: Juveniles > Adult female > Adult male;the median health risk (HQ50) for minors and adults exceed 1. Conclusions:The concentrations of nitrate is stable and does not change over time.The high concentration of nitrate in rural areas of Yantai may be the result of the interaction of fertilizers and geological factors. The risk of exposure to nitrate in juveniles and adults is above the limit, so it is necessary to be on the alert for the high levels of nitrate.

scholarly journals Dietary Metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn) Exposure and Associated Health Risks in Baia Mare Area, Northwestern Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 580-592
Author(s):  
Mirela Miclean ◽  
Oana Cadar
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Spectrometric Method ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Baia Mare ◽  
Target Hazard Quotients

This study estimated the non-carcinogenic health risk of Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn via dietary intake in the urban and rural areas of Baia Mare city, northwestern Romania, a former mining area. A total of 230 food items grouped in ten food categories (meat and animal organs, meat-derived products, animal fat, eggs, dairy, bread, corn flour, potato, vegetables, fruits) and 32 water samples were collected and analyzed for Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn using atomic absorption spectrometric method. The human health risk assessment through dietary exposure was evaluated by calculating the estimated daily intake of metals, the Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) and the Total Target Hazard Quotients (TTHQ) for normal daily consumption in adults. The average daily intakes of Pb, Cd and Zn were higher than the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) reference value for urban and rural residents, which showed that there was a potentially high risk of ingestion of food and water. The average daily intake of Cu with food and drinking water was lower than the corresponding TDI value, which indicated that Cu intake was not a potential hazard to the health of residents in the study areas. The individual target hazard quotients, calculated for food consumption in urban area decreased in the following order: Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn, and in rural area: Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn, having values higher than 1 for Pb and Cd in the rural area and approximately equal to 1 for Cd (urban) and Cu (rural), indicating non-carcinogenic adverse health effects. The TTHQs for the two areas (urban and rural) were 2.934 and 5.164, respectively, established cumulative adverse effects of metals. The results showed that vegetables, potato and bread were the main sources of metal intake from foodstuff for adults, but fruit, water and meat were secondary contributors.

The analysis of groundwater nitrate pollution and health risk assessment in Rural Areas of Yantai

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guimei Yu ◽  
Song song Wang ◽  
Jiu Wang ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Yun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Nitrate Pollution ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Risk Of Exposure

Abstract Background: Nitrate is one of the most common chemical contaminants of groundwater, and it is an important unqualified factor of rural groundwater in Yantai. In order to assess the risk of exposure to drinking water nitrate for adults and juveniles, in recent years, we monitored the nitrate concentrations in rural drinking water, the HHRA model was also used to assess the human health risk of nitrate pollution in groundwater. Methods : From the year 2015 to 2018, the drinking water in rural areas of Yantai was tested according to the "Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water" (GB5749-2006). The principal component analysis was used to analyze the relationship between groundwater chemicals and nitrate. The HHRA model was used to assess human health risks of groundwater nitrate through the drinking water and skin contact. Results : A total of 2348 samples were tested during the year 2015-2018.Nitrate and total dissolved solids, total hardness, chloride are all relevant, the above indicators may come from the same source of pollution; The median nitrate content (C EXP50 ) was 17.8 mg / L; the C EXP95 was 53.4 mg / L; the risk of exposure in each group was ranked as: Juveniles > Adult female > Adult male;hazard quotient HQ 50 and HQ 95 for minors and adults exceed 1. Conclusions :The concentrations of nitrate is stable and does not change over time.The high concentration of nitrate in rural areas of Yantai may be the result of the interaction of fertilizers and geological factors. The risk of exposure to nitrate in juveniles and adults is above the limit, and HQ is over 1, so it is necessary to be on the alert for the high levels of nitrate.

Risk Perception and Human Health Risk in Rural Communities Consuming Unregulated Well Water in Saskatchewan, Canada

Risk Analysis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 2559-2575
Author(s):  
Lorelei Ford ◽  
Cheryl Waldner ◽  
Javier Sanchez ◽  
Lalita Bharadwaj
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Well Water

scholarly journals Associations between fecal indicator bacteria prevalence and demographic data in private water supplies in Virginia

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 824-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Smith ◽  
Leigh-Anne H. Krometis ◽  
Charles Hagedorn ◽  
Annie H. Lawrence ◽  
Brian Benham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Fecal Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Optical Brightener ◽  
Fecal Indicator

Over 1.7 million Virginians rely on private water sources to provide household water. The heaviest reliance on these systems occurs in rural areas, which are often underserved with respect to available financial resources and access to environmental health education. This study aimed to identify potential associations between concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) (coliforms, Escherichia coli) in over 800 samples collected at the point-of-use from homes with private water supply systems and homeowner-provided demographic data (household income and education). Of the 828 samples tested, 349 (42%) of samples tested positive for total coliform and 55 (6.6%) tested positive for E. coli. Source tracking efforts targeting optical brightener concentrations via fluorometry and the presence of a human-specific Bacteroides marker via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) suggest possible contamination from human septage in over 20 samples. Statistical methods implied that household income has an association with the proportion of samples positive for total coliform, though the relationship between education level and FIB is less clear. Further exploration of links between demographic data and private water quality will be helpful in building effective strategies to improve rural drinking water quality.

scholarly journals Elucidating Waterborne Pathogen Presence and Aiding Source Apportionment in an Impaired Stream

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Weidhaas ◽  
Angela Anderson ◽  
Rubayat Jamal
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Waterborne Pathogens ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are the basis for water quality regulations and are considered proxies for waterborne pathogens when conducting human health risk assessments. The direct detection of pathogens in water and simultaneous identification of the source of fecal contamination are possible with microarrays, circumventing the drawbacks to FIB approaches. A multigene target microarray was used to assess the prevalence of waterborne pathogens in a fecally impaired mixed-use watershed. The results indicate that fecal coliforms have improved substantially in the watershed since its listing as a 303(d) impaired stream in 2002 and are now near United States recreational water criterion standards. However, waterborne pathogens are still prevalent in the watershed, as viruses (bocavirus, hepatitis E and A viruses, norovirus, and enterovirus G), bacteria ( Campylobacter spp., Clostridium spp., enterohemorrhagic and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli , uropathogenic E. coli , Enterococcus faecalis , Helicobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Vibrio spp.), and eukaryotes ( Acanthamoeba spp., Entamoeba histolytica , and Naegleria fowleri ) were detected. A comparison of the stream microbial ecology with that of sewage, cattle, and swine fecal samples revealed that human sources of fecal contamination dominate in the watershed. The methodology presented is applicable to a wide range of impaired streams for the identification of human health risk due to waterborne pathogens and for the identification of areas for remediation efforts. IMPORTANCE The direct detection of waterborne pathogens in water overcomes many of the limitations of the fecal indicator paradigm. Furthermore, the identification of the source of fecal impairment aids in identifying areas for remediation efforts. Multitarget gene microarrays are shown to simultaneously identify waterborne pathogens and aid in determining the sources of impairment, enabling further focused investigations. This study shows the use of this methodology in a historically impaired watershed in which total maximum daily load reductions have been successfully implemented to reduce risk. The results suggest that while the fecal indicators have been reduced more than 96% and are nearing recreational water criterion levels, pathogens are still detectable in the watershed. Microbial source tracking results show that additional remediation efforts are needed to reduce the impact of human sewage in the watershed.

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